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122 Cards in this Set
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White Blood Cells
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Aka: Leukocytes
These blood cells are all involved in providing healing and immunity. Counting them is important to determine if an infection or the type of infection is present (WBC with Diff) |
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What is the name of a high WBC?
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leukocytosis
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What is the name of low WBC?
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leucopenia
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What are the 5 types of WBC?
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1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils 4. Monocytes 5. lymphocytes |
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What does granulocyte mean in a WBC?
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granulocyte is a cell with large granules (grains,particles, rocks)withing the cytoplasm.
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Name the 3 granulocytes in WBC's?
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1. Neutorphils
2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils |
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Agranulocytes?
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A cell with absence of granules.
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Name the 2 agranulocytes in WBC's?
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1. Monocutes
2. Lymphocytes |
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3 out of the 5 types of WBC's are the same size what are their names?
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1. neutrophils
2. eosinophils 3. basophils |
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What is the largest type of WBC?
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Monocytes
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Which type of WBC can be either much smaller than a neutrophil? and at its largest will not be bigger than the neutrophil.
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lymphocytes
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Neutrophils granules:
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* Do not absorb Wright stain so will not see the granules. This is how it got it's name "NEUTRAL".
* Their nucleus is multi-lobed. (2-5 lobes) * Lobes shape vary |
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Eosinophils granules:
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*stain red (or pink)
*acid loving, this is why absord the stain b/c stain has acid *Bi lobe (like 2 egg plants attached). * |
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Basophil granules:
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*stain purple (like ground peper)
*may not even see one b/c 0-1% in population? * |
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Who has the larger nucleus of the 5 types of WBC?
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lymphocytes and monocytes
(their cytoplams stains sky blue) |
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WBC Count:
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is a test in which the total number of leukocytes present in each cubic millimeter of blood is determined.
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Normal Value WBC Count
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5,000-8,000/cu.mm
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Leukocytosis
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elevated WBC count above normal. (usually caused by elevation of only one type of WBC rather than a proportional elevation in all types of WBC's)
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Causes of Leukocytosis:
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1. Acute bacterial infections
2. measles 3. pertussis 4. sepsis 5. hemorrhage 6. tissue trauma 7. cetain malignancies 8. tissue necrosis 9. inflammation 10. certain drugs 11. leukemia 12. ciggarette smoking (for every pack/day)=WBC elevates by 1000/cu.mm due to the inflammation produced. |
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Leukopenia
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Decrease of WBC below normal.
Causes: 1. viral infections 2. bone marrow depression due to ceratain drugs 3. radiation 4. heavy metals 5. cardiovascular drugs 6. diuretics (water pills) 7. analgesics (pain meds) 8. anti-inflammatory drugs |
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Differential WBC Count:
(diff count) |
an examination and enumeration of the distribution of leukocytes in a stained blood smear. The different kids of WBC's are counted and reported as percetages of the total examined. They provide more specific information related to infections and dx.
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Normal diff count values:
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Neutrophils: 50-60% (most numerous)
Lymphocytes: 20-40& Monocytes: 2-6% Eosinophils: 1-4% Basophils: 0.5-1% |
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Function of a Neutrophil
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They are the bodies most numerous and most important type of WBC's in the body's reaction to inflammation!
*primary defense against microbial invasion through the process of phagocytosis. *can cause some damage to body tissue by their release of enzymes and edogenous pyrogens (chemicals made by the body causing fever). |
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Neutrophils has different names according to it's maturity.
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Mature: polymorphonuclear neutrophils, PMNs, polys, or segs.
Immature: stabs, bands, or juvs. (nucleus has not assumed the lobed shapes) |
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Neutrophilia
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Increase in Neutrophils.
Increase from Mature cells called: shift to the right Increase from Immature cells: shift to the left. |
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What causes Neutrophilia?
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Cause this:
1. pyrogenic bacterial like Staphylococci 2. Streptococci 3. Pneumococci 4. Meningococci 5. colon bacteria Other causes: 1. cetain drugs 2. surgery 3. burns 4. MI 5. allergies 6. leukemia 7. insect bite |
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Netropenia
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decrease in the number of neutrophils.
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Function of an Eosinophils:
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(Granulocytes) (1-4%)(bi-lobe)
they are phagocytic cells associated with allergies and parasitic infections. They are also active in the later stages of inflammation and ingest antigen-antibody complexes. |
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Eosinophilia
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Increase in number of eosinophils.
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Causes of Eosinophilia
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Parasitic infections:
1. tapeworm 2. roundworm 3. trichinosis (not only do allergy cause incras) Others: 1. Addison's dx 2. subacute infections 3. chronic skin infections ie. psoriasis 4. GI dx ie. ulcerative colitis and Crohn's dx |
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Eosinopenia
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is a decrese in the number or eosinophils.
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What causes Eosinopenia?
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causes:
1. adrenalcorticosteroid production. |
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Function of a Basophils
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(Granulocytes)().5-1%)
*least numerous *ground peper stain purple Function: now completely known although they are considered to be phagocytic and they do secrete heparin, histamine, serotonin. |
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Basophilia
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an increase in basophils
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Causes or Basophilia
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most commonly associated with
granulocytic leukemia less commonly with * allergy *inflammation *polycythemia *certain infections ie. TB and influenza. |
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Monocytes
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(agranulocytes)(2-6%) (the largest WBC)
*second line of defense against infection. * are highly mobile phagocytic cells remove injured and dead cells,microorganisms, and insoluble particles from the body. *They diapedesing from the blood into the upper and lower respiratory tract and the GI and genitourinary organs perform a scavenger function, clearing the body of debris. *produce interferon, an antiviral agent. They become the MACROPHAGES when they leave the blood and enter into the tissue spaces. |
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Lymphocytes
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(Agranulocytes) (20-40%)(Backbone of immune system)
*are smalll, motile cells that migrate to areas of infalmmation in both the early and late stages of the infalmmation process. *these cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce immunoglobulins(antibodies) and coordinate the cellular response in immunologic reactions. *are responsible for the storage of immunologic memory so that a second or thereafter contact with with an antigen produces a fast and increased response. |
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lymphocytosis
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increase number of lymphocytes
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Cause of lymphocytosis
(incr lyphocytes) |
Causes:
1. infectious mononucleosis 2. most viral infections 3. infectious hepatitis 4. lymphocytic leukemia 5. lymphoma 6. some bacterial infections |
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Causes of Lymphopenia
(decr. lymphocytes) |
1. Hodgkin's dx
2. lupus 3. burns 4. trauma 5. TB 6. AIDS 7. ACTH 8. glucocorticoid 9. radiation |
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Lymphopenia
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decr number of lymphocytes
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Monocytosis
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increase in the numbers of monocytes.
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What causes an increase of monocytes (monocytosis)?
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Causes:
1. acute infectious tuberculosis 2. mononucleosis 3. bacterial endocarditis and others |
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What is Wright's stain?
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is a neutral stain, will color acidophilic, basophilic and neutrophilic elements within WBC to be visually identified and counted.
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Buffy coat
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a grayish white layer of WBC's and platelets, mixed with some red blood cells, that accumulates on the surface of sedimented erythrocytes when blood plasma is allowed to stand.
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RBC count
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a count of erythrocytes in a specimen of whole blood.
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Normal values RBC?
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men: 4.5-5.5 million/mm3
women: 3.5-5.0 million/mm3 |
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What is an erythrocytes?
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It's another name for red blood cells. MOST NUMEROUS CELLS IN THE BODY!
Main Functions: *to carry oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and to transfer carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. This is accomplished by the protein HEMOGLOBIN within the RBC. *oxygen and carbon dioxide combine easilly with hemoglobin. |
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When oxygen is bound with hemoglobin what color is the blood?
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Bright red
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When carbon dioxide is bounded with hemoglobin what color is the blood?
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Dark red
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Where are RBC's made in the body?
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Bone Marrow (myeloid tissue)
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What is the name for decrease level of RBC count?
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oligocythemia
*associated with Anemia |
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Anemia?
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a condition in which there is a reduction in the number of circulating RBC's in the amount of hemoglobin, and or in the volume of packed cells (hematocrit) resulting in an decreased ability to transport oxygen..
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Causes of Anemias?
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there are different types of anemias that it depends wether is associted with hemorrhage, iron or vitamin deficiencies, bone marrow disorders, spleen disorders, or genetic disorders associted with hemoglobin production.
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Factors other than anemia causing a LOW RBC counts:
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1. Hodgkin's dx
2. leukemia 3. Addison's dx 4. lupus erythematosus and others. |
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What is the name of an increase RBC count?
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polycythemia
*its a condition in which the viscosity of the blood might become dangerously high resulting in heart failure. |
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Factors that can cause Polycythemia (high RBC count):
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1. high altitude
2. over active myeloid tissue 3. dehydration |
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Hematocrit
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this word means "to seperate blood" which is the mechanism of the test. this test determines the RBC mass by measuring space occupied by packed RBC's. whole blood is put in a test tube spinned on a centerfuge to seperate plasma from the packed RBC's. The result of just the RBC's not plasma are expressed as the percentage of RBC's in a volume of whole blood.
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Why are Hematocrit done for?
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it is important test in determining the presence of anemia or polycythemia.
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Normal Value for Hematocrit?
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Men: 45-47%
Women: 42-44% |
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Hemoglobin
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is the main chemical component within RBC's. This PROTEIN has a high affinity for oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules. Therefore, it is the main vehicle for trasportation of these gases between lungs and tussues.
*each molecule of hemoglobin consist of 4 polypeptide chains of amino acids that form the globin portion. * Attached to this are 4 heme groups consisting of iron atoms and the red pigment porphyrin. The iron pigment is that poprtion of the hemoglobin molecule that oxygen molecules bind with. |
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Name for low Hemoglobin concentration?
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Hypochromia
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Causes of Hypochromia
(low levels Hemoglobin) |
Anemia is the most common cause.
Others: 1. hyperthyroidism 2. cirrhosis of the liver 3. hemorrhage 4. leukemia 5. others |
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Name for increase concentration for Hemoglobin?
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Hyperchromia
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Increase concentration of hemoglobin (hyperchromia) is associated with?
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1. polycythemia
2. COPD 3. CHF |
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Normal Value of Hemoglobin?
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Men: 13.5-17.5 gm/dl
Women: 12-16 gm/dl |
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Blood Glucose
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purpose: to detect any disorder of glucose metabolism, mainly diabetes and it is used as an aid in DM management.
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Glucose is formed by.....
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1. digestion of carbohydrates
2. convertion of glycogen into glucose. |
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What are the two hormones that regulate blood glucose concentration?
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1. Glocogon
2. Insulin |
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Glucogon
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accelerates the hydrolysis of glycogen into glucose within the liver. SO it INCREASES glucose level.
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Insuln
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Stimulates transport proteins in cell membranes that transport glucose into the cells. SO it DECREASES glucose level.
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Normal value Glucose?
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60-120 mg/dl
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When glucose is high in concentration in the blood it is called?
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hyperglycemia
*most often indications of DM |
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Other hormones having an effect of glucose levels are?
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1. ACTH
2. glucocorticoid 3. epinephrine 4. GH 5. thyroxine |
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What can also cause hyperglycemia (elevated blood glucose level)?
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1. Cushing's dx
2. acute stress (MI or severe infections like meningitis). 3. pituitary adenoma(resulting in an increase GH levels). 4. hyperthyroidism 5. adenoma of the pancreas (causing excessive glucose secreation). |
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Decrease blood glucose level, what is its clinical term?
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Hypoglycemia
*mostly cause by insulin ovedose. *other causes 1. Addison's dx 2. hepatic necrosis 3. hypothyroidism 4. Islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas(resulting in excessive insulin secreation). |
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Cholesterol
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a steroid lipid, exists in plasma, muscle, RBC's, and cell membrane and is used by the body to form steroid hormones,bile salt and cell membr.
*Chemically, it exixt in both a FREE and BOUND to other chemical states. *high levels is associated with atherosclerosis, and coronary artery dx. |
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By whom is cholesterol absorbed by?
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By the INTESTINE from the food but some is synthesis by the liver.
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How is cholesterol transorted?
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By the blood attached to a high density alpha-1 lipoproteins (HDLs) and low density lipoproteins(LDLs).
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High level of HDL's, is it good or bad?
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good! b/c they are more soluble and transport cholesterol from the peripheral circulation to the liver so that it can be broken down. B/c of this solubility it is less likely to form the atherosclerotic plaque material within blood vessels that can occlude them.
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High levels of LDL's? Is this good or bad?
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bad! associated with greater probability of developing atherosclerosis and coronary artery dx
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Normal Cholesterol value?
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135-220 mg/dl
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Sedimentation Rate
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the speed of settling or RBC's in a vertical glass column of citrated plasma. the blood sits there undistured and gravity will cause the cells to sepereate from the plasma and fall to the bottom of the tube. SO the rate which it settles in 1 hour is the "sed rate".
USED: to monitor for inflammatory processes and necrotic processes (tissue death). |
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Why does the proteins in the blood know to settle faster in a Sed rate test?
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During an inflammatory and necrotic process the protein are altered in the blood. Causing molecules to stick to the red cells making them heavier and more likely to fall rapidly whne placed in a special vertical test tube graduated in millimeters.
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Normal test values for Sedimentation Rate?
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Men: 0-9mm/hr
Women: 0-10mm/hr |
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Leukemia?
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characterize by the presence of abnormal granulocytes or other cells of the bone marrow are called myeloid. Leukimias that involve abnormal lymphocytes are termed lymphoid.
The 1st sx appers as immature and abnormal WBC's enter the bloodstream. As the number of WBC's increase, they travel through the circulation, invading tissues and organs throghout the body. |
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Lymphocytic leukemia?
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presence of abnormal lymphocytes..
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granulocytic (myeloid) leukemia?
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presence of abnormal granulocytes or other cells of bone marrow.
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Winthrobe indices?
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are used to define the size of and the hemoglobin content of individual RBC's.
Consist of : 1. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) 2. MEan Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) 3. Mean Corpuscular Hemoblobin (MCH) THESE VALUES ARE USED FOR DETERMINING WHAT TYPE OF ANEMIA AND INDIVIDUAL MIGHT HAVE! |
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Mean Corpusclular Volume (MCV):
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is a measurement of the size of the individual RBC's.
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Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC):
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is a measurement of the percentage of the RBC's cytoplasm made up of hemoglobin.
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Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH):
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a measurement of the weight of hemoglobin within individual RBC's.
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RBC's names for their normal size or abnormal size:
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(large, small, normal)
macrocytic, microcytic, normacytic. |
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Hemoglobin names for their normal contents:
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macrochromic, microchromic, or normochromic.
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How to calculate MCV?
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MCV (cu. micrometers)=
hematocrit x 10 ---------------------- RBC count (millins/mm3) |
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Normal Value MCV?
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85-105 um3 (cubic micrometer)
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Calculate MCHC?
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MCHC=
hemoglobin (gm/dl) x 100 --------------------------- hematocrit |
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Normal value for MCHC?
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32-38%
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Calculate MCH?
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MCH=
hemoglobin (gm/dl) x 10 ------------------------ RBC count (millions/mm3 |
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Normal values MCH?
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25-53 picograms
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Aplastic Anemia
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the bone marrow fails to produce new RBC's.
Presumed causes: 1. radiation 2. toxic chemicals 3. Immunologic or infectious dx. most cases precise cause is unknown. |
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sickle cell anemia
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SCA: a severe chronic incurable hemoglobinopathic anemic condition that occurs in people homozygous for hemoglobin S (HbA S). RBC looks cresent shape. They may get stuck in cappilaries and deprive tissue oxygen and cause pain.
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perncious anemia
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normal RBC maturation ceases b/c the supply of vitamin B12 is inadequate.
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Hemolytic anemia
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RBC's are breaking down in the bloodstream.
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Agglutunogens
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Another word for "antigen"
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Agglutinin?
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antibodies
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Blood types:
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1. type A
2. type B 3. type AB 4. type O (Universal donor) |
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Aglutinogen type (antigens)
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1. A
2. B 3. A and B 4. Neither A or B |
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Agglutinin type (antibodies)
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1. B
2. A 3. Neither A or B 4. A and B |
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Agglutination?
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clumping or red blood cells together.If a transfusion was given using the wrong type of blood, the result would be very dangerous b/c agglutination would initiate a severe immune response and the agglutinated RBC's would clog blood vessels.
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The most common blood types are:
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Type O and Type A
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What are the most rarest blood type?
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Type AB
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Most abundant blood types are
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O and A
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lest abundant blood type in USA is
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AB type
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What determines which ABO agglutinogens are on the surface of RBC's?
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an inherited pair of gene one receives from each parent. Depending on what ABO blood type your parents are and the combination of inheritance, you will either be A,B,AB, or O.
ei. if you are type A then you are this type b/c of the agglutinogen A molecules on the RBC cell membrane. They will also hae agglutinin B molecules in their plasma. |
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Different type of Rh factors?
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two Rh+ and Rh-
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Which Rh factor is most abundant?
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Rh+
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When an agglutin-agglutinogen reaction occurs when different blood types are mix, what occurs?
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an antigen-antibody reaction occurs resulting in agglutination(clumping of cells causing them to destroy)or the RBC's. This, like in the ABO sytem would be very dangerous if the wrong Rh type blood were transfused.
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What causes erythroblastosis fetalis?
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the mixing of the mom's Rh+ blood with feuts Rh- blood. An agglutin-agglutinogen reaction. Agglutinations occurs and RBC are destroyed. THis lowers the baby's RBC population and the baby will become so severly anemic, and it may not survive.
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platelets:
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the smallest cells in the blood. they are formed in the red bone marrow an some are stored in the spleen. They are disk-like shapes, contains no hemoblobin, and are essential for the coagulation of blood and in maintenance of hemostasis.
Normal value: 200,000-300,000 in 1ml. |
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thrombocyte
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cell that clots
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thrombocytopenia
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reduction in the number of platelets. Most commom cause of bleeding disorders. Bleeding is usually from capillaries.
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