Hematology (Clinical Test 1)

Front 1

List 5 types of Erythrocyte indices.

Back 1

RBC Count
MCV
MCH
MCHC
RDW
Reticulocyte Count

Front 2

List 5 types of WBCs.

Back 2

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

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RBC Count (3 points)

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* 4.2 to 6.1 million (lower in females)
* Decreases indicate anemia/hemorrage
* Increases indicate chronic hypoxia/polycythemia vera

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MCV (6 points)

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* Mean Corpuscular Value
* Measures average volume or size of a single RBC
* Useful in classifying types of anemias
* Decreased = microcytic anemia (Fe deficiency)
* Increased = macrocytic anemia (folic acid deficiency, aplastic or pernicious anemias)
* Normal range 80-95 cubic mm

Front 5

MCH (3 points)

Back 5

* Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin

* Average amount of hemoglobin by weight in a single RBC

* Same significance as MCV (mean corpuscular value)

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MCHC (3 points)

Back 6

* Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration

* Measures the average amount, by percentage, in a single RBC

* Decreased levels indicate iron deficient anemia

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RDW (3 points)

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* Measurement of the width of RBC

* Changes occur early in shape before MCV changes

* Elevated RDE indicates Fe deficiency, folic acide deficiency, or B12 deficiency

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Reticulocyte Count (3 points)

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* Immature red blood cell

* Elevation indicates increased RBC production

* Elevated without precipitating cause would indicate a problem

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Neutrophils (4 points)

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* Make up 50-75% of total WBC

* Granular and small

* Left shift more bands immature neutrophils

* Respond quickly to infection but do not last long

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Basophils (4 points)

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* Make up 1% of total WBC

* Granular

* Increase during the healing process

* Release histamine and heparin

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Eosinophils (2 points)

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* 1-2% of total WBCs

* Increase during allergic reaction and parasitic conditions

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Monocytes (3 points)

Back 12

* 2nd line of defense against bacterial infection

* Slower to react than neutrophils, but are stronger and can ingest larger particles

* Respond to viral infections, parasitic diseases, monocytic leukemia, and cancer

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Lymphocytes (1 point)

Back 13

Seen in chronic and viral infections

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ANC

Back 14

* Absolute Neutrophil Count

* calculation of actual number of neutrophils in circulation

* gives a rough indication of infection risk

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Anemia

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decreased RBC count

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Anergy

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Diminished reactivity to antigens (transient or complete)

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Angiogenesis

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formation of new blood vessels, such s in healing a wound or in a malignant tumor

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Angular Cheilosis

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Cracking sore at the corner at corner of mouth

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Aplasia

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Lack of cellular development (e.g. of cells within bone marrow)

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Apoptosis

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Complex process of programmed cell death

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Band Cell

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Slightly immature neutrophil

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Blast Cell

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primitive WBC

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Cytokines

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Hormones produced by leukocytess that are vital to regulation of hematopoiesis, apoptosis, and immune responses

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D-dimer

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* test that measures fibrin breakdown

* considered to be more specific than fibrin degradation products in the diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation

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DIC

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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

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Differentiation

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Development of functions and characteristics that are different from those of the parent stem cell

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Dysplasia

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* Abnormal development (e.g. of blood cells)

* Size, shape and appearance of cells are altered

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Ecchymosis

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Bruise

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Erythocyte

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* RBC

* a cellular component of blood involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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ESR

Back 30

* Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

* lab test that measures the rate of settling of RBCs

* elevation indicates inflammation

* also called the "sed rate"

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Erythroid Cells

Back 31

a broad term that refers to any cell that is, or will become, and RBC

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Erythropoiesis

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formation of RBCs

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Erythropoietin

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* Hormone produced primarily by the kidney

* necessary for erythropoiesis

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Fibrin

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* Filamentous protein

* basrombus and blood clot

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Fibrinogen

Back 35

protein converted into fibrin to form thrombus and clot

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Fibrinolysis

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Process of breakdown of fibrin clot

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Granulocyte

Back 37

* a granulated WBC (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil)

* sometimes used synonymously with "neutrophil"

Front 38

Granulocytopenia

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fewer than normal granulocytes

Front 39

Hematocrit

Back 39

Percentage of total blood volume consisting of RBCs

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Hematopoiesis

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Complex process of the formation and maturation of blood cells

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Hemoglobin

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* Iron-containing protein of RBCs

* delivers oxygen to tissues

Front 42

Hemolysis

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* destruction of RBCs

* can occur within or outside of the vasculature

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Hemosiderin

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Iron-containing pigment derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin

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Hemostasis

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intricate balance between clot formation and clot dissolution

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Histiocytes

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* cells present in all loose connective tissue

* capable of phagocytosis

* part of RES (reticuloendothelial system)

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Hyperplasia

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abnormally increased proliferation of normal cells

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Hypochromia

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pallor within RBC caused by decreased hemoglobin content

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left shift

-or-

shift to the left

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increased release of immature forms of WBCs from the bone marrow in response to need

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Leukocyte

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* a WBC

* cellular components of blood involved in defense of the body

* subtypes include neutrophiles, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes

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Leukemia

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uncontrolled proliferation of WBCs, often immature

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Leukopenia

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less than normla amount of WBCs in circulation

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Lymphoid

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pertaining to lymphocytes

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Lymphocyte

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form of WBC involvedin immune functions

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Lysis

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destruction of cells

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Macrocytosis

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* larger than normal sized RBCs

* opposite of microcytosis

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Macrophage

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cells of the RES (reticuloendothelial system) that are capable of phagocytosis

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Mast Cell

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cells found in connective tissue involved in defnese of the body and coagulation

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Microcytosis

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* smaller than normal RBCs

* opposite of macrocytosis

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Monocyte

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large WBC that becomes a macrophage when it leaves circulation and moves into body tissues

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Myeloid

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Pertaining to nonlymphoid blood cells that differenctiate into RBCs, platelets, monocytes, and mcrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and mast cells

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Myelopoiesis

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formation and maturation of cells derived from my myeloid stem cell

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Neutropenia

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Lower than normal number of neutrophils

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Neutrophil

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* fully mature WBC capable of phageocytosis

* primary defense against bacterial infection

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Normochromic

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normal RBC color, indicating normal amount of hemoglobin

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Normocytic

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normal size of RBC

(macrocytosis - large RBC)
(microcytosis - small RBC)

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Nucleated RBC

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* immature form of RBC

* portion of the nucleus remains within the red cell

* not normally seen in circulating blood

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Oxyhemoglobin

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* combined form of oxygen and hemoglobin

* found in arterial blood

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Pancytopenia

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abnormal decrease in WBCs, RBCs, and platelets

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Petechiae

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tiny capillary hemorrhages

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Phagocytosis

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process of ingestion and digestion of bacteria by cells

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Plasma

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the liquid portion of blood

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Plasminogen

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Protein that is converted to plasmin to dissolve thrombi and clots

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Platelet

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* thrombocyte

* a cellular component of blood involved in blood coagulation

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Poikilocytosis

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variation in shape of RBCs

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Polycythemia

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excess RBC

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RBC

Back 76

* Red Blood Cell

* an erythrocyte

* a cellular component of blood involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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Reticulocytes

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* slightly immature RBCs

* usually only 1% of total circulating RBCs

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RES

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* Reticuloendothelial System

* complex system of cells throughout the body capable of phagocytosis

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Serum

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portion of blood remaining after coagulation occurs

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Stem Cell

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* primitive cell

* capable of self-replication and differentiation into myeloid or lymphoid stem cell

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Thrombin

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enzyme necessary to convert fibrinogen into fibrin clot

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Thrombocyte

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* a platelet

* a cellular component of blood involved in blood coagulation

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Thrombocytopenia

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Lower than normal platelet count

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Poikilocytosis

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variation in shape of RBCs

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Polycythemia

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excess RBC

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RBC

Back 86

* Red Blood Cell

* an erythrocyte

* a cellular component of blood involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Front 87

Reticulocytes

Back 87

* slightly immature RBCs

* usually only 1% of total circulating RBCs

Front 88

RES

Back 88

* Reticuloendothelial System

* complex system of cells throughout the body capable of phagocytosis

Front 89

Serum

Back 89

portion of blood remaining after coagulation occurs

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Stem Cell

Back 90

* primitive cell

* capable of self-replication and differentiation into myeloid or lymphoid stem cell

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Thrombin

Back 91

enzyme necessary to convert fibrinogen into fibrin clot

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Thrombocyte

Back 92

* a platelet

* a cellular component of blood involved in blood coagulation

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Thrombocytopenia

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Lower than normal platelet count

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Thrombocytosis

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higher than normal platelet count

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WBC

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* white blood cell count

* cellular components of blood involved in defense of the body

* subtypes include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes