Head & Neck Anatamoy

Front 1

What develops from the ENDODERM

Back 1

Epithelial lining of the GI, respiratory tracts, urinary bladder and most of the urethra, tympanic cavity and auditory tube; parenchyma of tonsils, thyroids and parathyroid glands, thymus, liver and pancreas

Front 2

What develops from the MESODERM?

Back 2

Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, muscles, heart, blood and lymphatic vessels, kidneys, ovaries and testes, genital ducts, membranes lining the body cavities, cortices of the spleen and adrenal glands

Front 3

What develps from the ECTODERM?

Back 3

Central nervous system (from the neural tube), peripheral nervous system (from the neural crest), sensory epithelia of the eye, ear and nose, epidermis, mammary glands, pituitary gland, subcutaneous glands, vast majority of the tooth

Front 4

Portions of the mesoderm transforms into...

Back 4

Somites

Front 5

Somites develops into...

Back 5

Somatic mesoderm and splanchnic mesoderm

Front 6

Somatic mesoderm transform into...

Back 6

Skeletal muscle

Front 7

Splanchnic mesoderm transform into...

Back 7

Smooth and cardia muscle

Front 8

Myelin from CNS is secreted by which cells?

Back 8

Oligodendrocytes

Front 9

Myelin from PNS is secreted by which cells?

Back 9

Schwann cells

Front 10

FLEXION

Back 10

Bending or decreasing the angle between body parts

Front 11

EXTENSION

Back 11

Straightening the body or making an increasing angle between parts of the body

Front 12

ABDUCTION

Back 12

Moving a part of the body away from the median plane, or midsagittal section, and doing it in the coronal plane

Front 13

ADDUCTION

Back 13

Moving a part of the body from a lateral position in the coronal plane, back to the midline position. This is the opposite of abduction

Front 14

ANATOMICAL JOINT

Back 14

Place where two bones articulate

Front 15

FIBROUS JOINTS - SYNARTHROIDIAL JOINTS

Back 15

Bones not only approximate each other, but are in some cases "glued" together
Least mobile

Front 16

Examples of SYNARTHROIDIAL JOINTS

Back 16

Suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis

Front 17

SUTURE

Back 17

Found between bones of the skulls - classification: SYNARTHROIDIAL/FIBROUS JOINT

Front 18

GOMPHOSIS

Back 18

Between the tooth and alveolar bone - held together by periodontal ligament - classification: SYNARTHROIDIAL/FIBROUS JOINT

Front 19

SYNDESMOSIS

Back 19

Two bones which are spread relatively far apart and connected by a series of connective tissue fibers

Front 20

Example of SYNDESMOSIS

Back 20

Ulna and radius

Front 21

AMPHIARTHROIDIAL/CARTILAGINOUS/FIBROCARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

Back 21

Relatively immobile joints

Front 22

Example of AMPHIARTHROIDIAL/CARTILAGINOUS/FIBROCARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

Back 22

Synchondrosis (cartilaginous joint) & symphysis (fibrocartilaginous joint)

Front 23

Example of SYNCHONDROSIS

Back 23

Epiphyseal plate; this type of joint is normally temporary

Front 24

ENDOCHONDRAL BONE GROWTH

Back 24

Cartilage is replaced by bone

Front 25

SYMPHYSIS

Back 25

Partially movable joint where the apposing bones are covered with articular cartilage with a piece of fibrocartilage between the bones

Front 26

Examples of SYMPHYSIS

Back 26

Pubic symphysis, between the bodies of the vertebrae, between the two halves of the mandible

Front 27

DIARTHROIDIAL/SYNOVIAL

Back 27

Characteristics: articular cartilage, joint cavity, capsular ligament, synovial membrane

Front 28

MENISCUS

Back 28

Fibrocartilage that can be found in the joint cavity - Found in TMJ and knee joint

Front 29

PLANE JOINT

Back 29

Synovial; opposing surfaces surfaces are flat and movement occurs in only one plane (a sliding type of movement) - Intercarpal joint

Front 30

GINGLYMUS/HINGE JOINT

Back 30

Allows movement around a single axis at right angles to the bones – Humero-ulnar joint and knee (joint between the femur and tibia)

Front 31

TROCHOIDAL JOINT

Back 31

"Ball and socket" type but movement can only occur in two planes (biaxial) - metacarpophalangeal joints

Front 32

SADDLE JOINT

Back 32

Actions that occur as this joint include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction - the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

Front 33

BALL AND SOCKET JOINT

Back 33

The most mobile of the joints allowing motion in all planes. - Shoulder and hip joints. The mobility of these joints is not only dependent on the basic structure of the joint. It is also based on the specific structure of the articulating bones and the configuration of ligaments that surround it

Front 34

BURSA

Back 34

a closed sac often formed by a bit of synovial membrane; found between muscle and bone or muscle to another muscle or tendon and bone or between skin and muscle

Front 35

Neural tube gives rise to...

Back 35

CNS

Front 36

Mesenchyme gives rise to...

Back 36

Dense irregular/regular CT, loose CT, bone - most of the body

Front 37

ECTOMESENCHYME

Back 37

Neural crests from the head region, ectodermal derived - gives rise bones of the head, glands, ducts of the head, muscles of mastication, facial expression, larynx and pharynx

Front 38

Layers of a vessel.

Back 38

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

Front 39

Tunica intima is made up of...

Back 39

Endothelial cells, simpe squamous epithelia

Front 40

Tunica adventitia is made up of...

Back 40

Dense irregular connective tissue

Front 41

Tunica media comprised predominantly of ________ near the aorta and gradually replaced by ________ further downstream.

Back 41

Elastic fibers; smooth muscle

Front 42

Site of nutrient, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other substances exchange.

Back 42

Capillaries

Front 43

During "flight or fight" response, ________ "shunts" blood from organs to the heart and then to the heart, bypassing the capillary beds and direct blood from the arterioles to the venules.

Back 43

Arteriovenous shunts

Front 44

________ is a system where arteries assist in pumping the veins.

Back 44

Venae comitantes

Front 45

COLLATERAL CIRCULATION

Back 45

Concept of a series of arteries supplying a structure and arteries inconnecting with anastomoses

Front 46

Structures that have end arteries are...

Back 46

Retina of the eye, brain, kidney, liver

Front 47

FUNCTIONAL END ARTERY

Back 47

If originally have two arteries supplying a structure and over time one becomes unproductive

Front 48

General path of blood flow. From AORTA - RIGHT ATRIUM

Back 48

Aorta - elastic arteries - muscular arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins - distributing veins - vena cava - right atrium

Front 49

First two branches off the ascending aorta are the ________.

Back 49

Right and left coronary arteries

Front 50

Major branches from the arch of the aorta are the ________, ________ and ________

Back 50

Brachiocephalic, left common corotid artery, left subclavian

Front 51

The common carotid arteries branch into ________ and ________.

Back 51

Ineternal carotid artery and external carotid artery

Front 52

Subclavian arteries continues into distally as __________ then to ________.

Back 52

Axillary arteries, brachial arteries.

Front 53

Major unpaired branches from the descending aorta that supplies the abdominal viscera.

Back 53

Celiac artery, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries

Front 54

In the pelvis, the aorta divides into two ________.

Back 54

Common iliar arteries

Front 55

Each common iliac artery divides into ________ and ________.

Back 55

External and internal iliac artery

Front 56

________ blood from the head, neck and portion of the thorax drains into the ________.

Back 56

Deoxygenated, superior vena cava

Front 57

deoxygenated blood from the lower limb drains into the ________.

Back 57

External iliac vein.

Front 58

Deoxygenated blood from the pelvis drains into the ________.

Back 58

Internal iliar vein

Front 59

Before birth, the liver's function is ________.

Back 59

Production of blood cells

Front 60

The liver's functions are assumed by the ________ before birth.

Back 60

Placenta and its linings

Front 61

Highly oxygenated blood flowing from the placenta travels into the fetus vis ________ and bypasses the liver when it travels through the ________ to gain access to the ________.

Back 61

Umbilical vein, ductus venosus, vena cava

Front 62

Fetal circulation: Blood flows from the right atrium directly into the left atrium via ________. Some travels from the right atrium into the right ventricle and gains access to the aorta via the ________.

Back 62

Foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus

Front 63

Foramen ovale closes and becomes ________.

Back 63

Fossa ovalis

Front 64

Ductus arteriosus closes and becomes ________.

Back 64

Ligamentum arteriosum

Front 65

Umbilical veins closes and become the ________.

Back 65

Ligamentum teres hepatis

Front 66

Umbilical arteries closes and become the ________.

Back 66

Medial umbilical ligament

Front 67

Primary cells involved with immune functions are...

Back 67

Neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, lymphocytes

Front 68

The two types of lymphocytes are ________ and ________.

Back 68

B cells, T cells

Front 69

B cells originate, grow and develop in ________ and become immunocompetent in the ________.

Back 69

Bone, bone

Front 70

T cells originate, grow and develop in ________ and become immunocompetent in the ________.

Back 70

Bone, thymus

Front 71

Major types of T cells are...

Back 71

T4 cells, T8 cells and T cytotoxic cells

Front 72

Lymph from the lower limb, pelvis and abdomen drain into ________.

Back 72

Cisterna chyli

Front 73

The Brain is composed of three major substructures; the ________, ________ and ________.

Back 73

Brainstem, cerebellum, cerebrum

Front 74

Voluntary (or somatic) sensory impulses are also called ________ impulses.

Back 74

Direct

Front 75

The three motor systems are...

Back 75

Voluntary (somatic), involuntary (visceral) and pharyngeal (branchial)

Front 76

GANGLION

Back 76

A group of nerve cell bodies in the PNS which normally gather together to a perform a single function

Front 77

The equivalent structure of a ganglion in the CNS is the ________.

Back 77

Nucleus

Front 78

TRACT

Back 78

A group of nerve fibers in the CNS all of which are involved in the same function

Front 79

________ produce an intercellular matrix that helps hold the nervous system together.

Back 79

Astrocytes

Front 80

MICROGLIAL CELLS

Back 80

Mesodermally derived, serve the purpose of macrophages in the sense that they can phagocytose foreign materials

Front 81

CORTEX

Back 81

Outer area of the brain, composed entirely of gray matter

Front 82

In the spinal cord the ________ is found in the ________.

Back 82

Gray matter; interior

Front 83

NISSL SUBSTANCE

Back 83

Clumps of rough endoplasmic reticulum

Front 84

The ventral horn is the site of ________while the dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglion are sites for ________.

Back 84

Motor cell bodies; sensory cell bodies

Front 85

Motor ganglia associated with the autonomic nervous system.

Back 85

Sympathetic chain ganglion

Front 86

Dorsal root ganglia are...

Back 86

sensory ganglia

Front 87

CONUS MEDULLARIS

Back 87

THe placement of the inferior aspect of the spinal cord at vertebral L1 to L2

Front 88

DURA MATER

Back 88

Most superficial meninges and durable

Front 89

SUBARACHNOID SPACE

Back 89

Between the arachnoid and pia mater, CSF is found here

Front 90

Deep to the dura mater is the ________ space.

Back 90

Subdural

Front 91

PIA MATER

Back 91

Bound to the spinal cord and cannot be removed

Front 92

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced within spaces in the brain called ________

Back 92

Ventricles

Front 93

Motor to voluntary muscles in the limbs, thoracic wall and some muscles in the head including those which moves the eye and tongue. Developed from somatic mesoderm.

Back 93

Somatic Motor (efferent)

Front 94

Sensory from tactile receptors in the skin, ligaments and tendons including sensations of pain, temperature, pressure, touch, proprioception and stereognosis.

Back 94

Somatic Sensory (afferent)

Front 95

Sensory from involuntary muscles, otherwise known as referred sensation.

Back 95

Visceral Sensory (afferent)

Front 96

Motor to involuntary muscles of the organs, heart and blood vessels. Developed from splanchnic mesoderm.

Back 96

Visceral Motor (efferent0

Front 97

This is motor to muscle which are found in the head, neck and very specific portions of the shoulder. Developed from ectomesenchyme from the area of the larynx.

Back 97

Branchial or Pharyngeal Motor (Efferent)

Front 98

Sensory functions which are either only found in the head or originate from areas within the brainstem or cerebrum.

Back 98

Special Sensory (afferent)

Front 99

I - Olfactory

Back 99

Sense of smell

Front 100

II - Optic

Back 100

Sense of sight

Front 101

III - Oculomotor

Back 101

Voluntary motor to muscles that move the eye and a muscle that elevates the eyelid and involuntary motor invovled with constriction of the pupil

Front 102

IV - Trochlear

Back 102

Voluntary motor to muscles that move the eye

Front 103

V - Trigeminal

Back 103

Primary sensory nerve from structures throughout the face and head. Also, motor fibers to the muscles of mastication and other muscles in the head

Front 104

VI - Abducent

Back 104

Voluntary motor to a muscle that moves the eye

Front 105

VII - Facial

Back 105

Voluntary motor to muscles of facial expression, involuntary motor to various glands, sense of taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Front 106

VIII - Vestibulocochlear

Back 106

Sense of balance and sense of hearing

Front 107

IX - Glossopharyngeal

Back 107

Motor to the pharynx and tongue, involuntary motor to glands, taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

Front 108

X - Vagus

Back 108

Primary parasympathetic nerve (involuntary control) of the thorax and abdomen, taste from the area of the epiglottis

Front 109

XI - Accessory

Back 109

Motor to the larynx, pharynx, sternomastoid, trapezius

Front 110

XII - Hypoglossal

Back 110

Voluntary motor to muscles of the tongue

Front 111

Cranial nerve I

Back 111

Olfactory

Front 112

Cranial nerve II

Back 112

Optic

Front 113

Cranial nerve III

Back 113

Oculomotor

Front 114

Cranial nerve IV

Back 114

Trochlear

Front 115

Cranial nerve V

Back 115

Trigeminal

Front 116

Cranial nerve VI

Back 116

Abducent

Front 117

Cranial nerve VII

Back 117

Facial

Front 118

Cranial nerve VIII

Back 118

Vestibulocochlear

Front 119

Cranial nerve IX

Back 119

Glossopharyngeal

Front 120

Cranial nerve X

Back 120

Vagus

Front 121

Cranial nerve XI

Back 121

Accessory

Front 122

Cranial nerve XII

Back 122

Hypoglossal