Hdfs 2

Front 1

Theories

Back 1

Explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest, providing a framework for understanding the relationships among an organized set of facts or principles

Front 2

Psychodynamic Perspective

Back 2

The approach to the study of development that states behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control

Front 3

Psychoanalytic Theory

Back 3

the theory proposed by Freud that suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior

Front 4

Psychosexual Development

Back 4

According to Freud, a series of stages that children passs through in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on a particular biological function and body part

Front 5

Psychosocial Development

Back 5

The approach to the study of development that encompasses changes in the understanding individuals have of their interactions with others, of others' behavior, and of themselves as members of society

Front 6

Behavioral Perspective

Back 6

The approach to the study of development that suggests that the keys to understanding development are absevable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment

Front 7

Classical Conditioning

Back 7

A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response

Front 8

Operant Conditioning

Back 8

A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakeed, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences

Front 9

Behavior Modification

Back 9

A formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones

Front 10

Social-cognitive Learning Theory

Back 10

An approach to the study of development that emphasizes learning by obseving the behavior of anothe person, called a model

Front 11

Cognitive Perspective

Back 11

The approach to the study of development that focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand and think about the world

Front 12

Information-processing Approaches

Back 12

Approaches to the study of cognitive development that seek to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information

Front 13

Cognitive Neuroscience Approaches

Back 13

Approaches to the study of cognitive development that focus on how brain processes are related to cognitive activity

Front 14

Contextual Perspective

Back 14

The perspective that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, social, and physical worlds

Front 15

Bioecological Approach

Back 15

The perspective suggesting that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence every biological organism

Front 16

Sociocultural Theory

Back 16

An approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions among members of a culture

Front 17

Evolutionary Perspective

Back 17

The theory tha seeks to identify behavior that is the result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors

Front 18

Scientific Method

Back 18

The process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data

Front 19

Hypothesis

Back 19

a prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested

Front 20

Correlational Research

Back 20

Research that seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exists

Front 21

Experimental Research

Back 21

Research designed to discover causal relationships among various factors

Front 22

Naturalistic Observation

Back 22

Studies in which researchers observe some naturally occurring behavior without intervening or making changes in the situation

Front 23

Case Studies

Back 23

Extensive, in-depth interviews with a paricular individual or small group of individuals

Front 24

Survey Research

Back 24

Research in which a group of people chosen to represent some larger population are asked questions about their attitudes, behavior, or thinking on a given topic

Front 25

Psychophysiological Methods

Back 25

A research approach that focuses on the relationship between physiological processes and behavior

Front 26

Experiment

Back 26

a process in which an investigator, called an esperimenter, devises two different experiences for subjects or participants

Front 27

Treatment

Back 27

A procedure applied by an experimental investigator based on two different experiences devised for subjects or participants

Front 28

Treatment Group

Back 28

The group in an experiment that recieves the treatment

Front 29

Control Group

Back 29

The group in an experiment that receives either no treatment or an alternative treatment

Front 30

Indepenent Variable

Back 30

The variable in an experiment that is manipulated by researchers

Front 31

Dependent Variable

Back 31

The variable in an expeeriment that is measured and is expected to change as a result of the experimental manipulation

Front 32

Sample

Back 32

A group of participants chosen for an experiment

Front 33

Field Study

Back 33

A research investigation carried out in a naturally occurring setting

Front 34

Laboratory Study

Back 34

A research investigation conducted in a controlled setting explicitly designed to hold events constant

Front 35

Theoretical Research

Back 35

Research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge

Front 36

Applied Research

Back 36

Research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems

Front 37

Longitudinal Research

Back 37

Research in which the behavior of one or more individuals is measured as the subjects age

Front 38

Cross-sectional Research

Back 38

Research in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time

Front 39

Sequential Studies

Back 39

Studies in which researhers examine members of a number of different age groups at several points in time