Gre Psychology Big List (Includes All Psych From Multiple Flashcard Files)

Front 1

Wilhelm Wundt

Back 1

Established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany; Hint: Father of Psychology

Front 2

Margaret Floy Washburn

Back 2

The first woman to receive a psychology Ph.D.; synthesized animal behavior research in "The Animal Mind"

Front 3

Edward Bradford Titchener

Back 3

Used introspection to search for the mind's structural elements.; Hint: Student of Wilhelm Wundt

Front 4

Mary Whiton Calkins

Back 4

First woman to be admitted to and finish requirements for a Harvard Ph.D.; She was denied her degree, but offered one from an honorary degree from an undergraduate school for women which she denied.; Hint: Became APA's first female president.

Front 5

Psychology

Back 5

The science of behavior and mental processes

Front 6

Nature-nurture issue

Back 6

The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.; Hint: The issue of genetics vs. environment

Front 7

B.F. Skinner

Back 7

A leading "behaviorist" who rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior; Hint: Developed the Skinner box

Front 8

John B. Watson

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Another behaviorist who championed psychology as the science of behavior; Hint: Demonstrated conditioned responses on "Little Albert"

Front 9

Neuroscience

Back 9

The way in which the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences

Front 10

Evolutionary

Back 10

How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes

Front 11

Wilhelm Wundt

Back 11

Established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany; Hint: Father of Psychology

Front 12

Margaret Floy Washburn

Back 12

The first woman to receive a psychology Ph.D.; synthesized animal behavior research in "The Animal Mind"

Front 13

Edward Bradford Titchener

Back 13

Used introspection to search for the mind's structural elements.; Hint: Student of Wilhelm Wundt

Front 14

Mary Whiton Calkins

Back 14

First woman to be admitted to and finish requirements for a Harvard Ph.D.; She was denied her degree, but offered one from an honorary degree from an undergraduate school for women which she denied.; Hint: Became APA's first female president.

Front 15

Psychology

Back 15

The science of behavior and mental processes

Front 16

Behavior genetics Perspective

Back 16

This area focuses on how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences

Front 17

Psychodynamic Perspective

Back 17

This area focuses on how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

Front 18

Behavioral Perspective

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This area focuses on how we learn observable responses

Front 19

Cognitive perspective

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This area focuses on how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

Front 20

Social-Cultural Perspective

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This area focuses on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures.

Front 21

William James

Back 21

A popular psychology textbook was written in 1890.; Its famous author was _______

Front 22

James Watson

Back 22

The definition of psychology has changed several times since the late 1800's.; In the early 20th century, _______ redefined psychology as the "science of observable behavior".

Front 23

Social-cultural perspective

Back 23

Psychology is now defined as the science of behavior and mental processes.; The perspective in psychology that focuses on how behavior and thought differ from situation to situation and from culture to culture is the ____________ perspective

Front 24

Hindsight bias

Back 24

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen it.; Hint: Also known as the "I knew it all along" phenomenon.

Front 25

Critical thinking

Back 25

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions.; Rather it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

Front 26

Theory

Back 26

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations

Front 27

Hypothesis

Back 27

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Front 28

Operational definition

Back 28

A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables

Front 29

Replication

Back 29

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

Front 30

Case study

Back 30

An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Front 31

Survey

Back 31

A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them

Front 32

Population

Back 32

All the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study

Front 33

Random sample

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A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

Front 34

Correlation coefficient

Back 34

A statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

Front 35

Experiment

Back 35

Research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable).

Front 36

Placebo

Back 36

an inert substance or condition that may be administered instead of a presumed active agent, such as a drug, to see if it triggers the effects believed to characterize the active agent.

Front 37

Double blind procedure

Back 37

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo.

Front 38

Placebo effect

Back 38

Any effect on behavior caused by a placebo

Front 39

Experimental condition

Back 39

The condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

Front 40

Control Condition

Back 40

The condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of treatment.

Front 41

Random Assignment

Back 41

Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to different groups

Front 42

Independent Variable

Back 42

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Front 43

Dependent variable

Back 43

The experimental factor - in psychology, the behavior or mental process - that is being measured; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

Front 44

Culture

Back 44

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

Front 45

Question

Back 45

Answer

Front 46

Edward Titchener

Back 46

Broke consciousness down into elements or specific mental structures



Sensations and thoughts are structures as well; Hint: Structuralist

Front 47

Edward Hall

Back 47

Studied proxemics, the measureable distance between people as they interacted

Front 48

Aaron Beck

Back 48

Cognitive therapy for depression that aims to replace negative or irrational thoughts with more reasonable, adaptive ones; Hint: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapist

Front 49

Albert Bandura

Back 49

Social learning theory that states we learn behavior through vicarious reinforcement; Hint: Behaviorist

Front 50

Julian Rotter

Back 50

Internal/external loci of control; Hint: Trait Theorist

Front 51

Erik Erickson

Back 51

In a psychoanalytic and psychosocial framework, he expanded Freud's theories to cover entire lifespan; Hint: Ego Psychologist

Front 52

John Garcia

Back 52

The Garcia Effect states that different species have innate predispositions to learn different thing in different ways

Front 53

Albert Ellis

Back 53

Rational-emotive therapy states that irrational beliefs about self impair goal attainment and aims to repair those beliefs; Hint: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapist

Front 54

Karen Horney

Back 54

Devised theory that personality governed by one of ten needs; Hint: Psychoanalytic Theorist

Front 55

Martin Seligman

Back 55

Learned helplessness theory of depression; Hint: Behaviorist

Front 56

Howard Gardner

Back 56

Theory of multiple intelligences: linguistic, logical/math, spatial, musical, bodily, interpersonal, and intrapersonal

Front 57

McClelland & Rumelhart

Back 57

Parallel distributed processing views cognition and behavior as an interconnected network of simple units

Front 58

Raymond Cattell

Back 58

Theorized fluid versus crystallized intelligence

Front 59

Gordon Allport

Back 59

Cardinal, central, and secondary traits are responsible for behavior and personality.



Functional Autonomy



Idiographic vs. nomothetic; Hint: Trait Theorist

Front 60

David McClelland

Back 60

Need for Achievement

Front 61

Herman Witkin

Back 61

Field dependence

Front 62

Darley & Latane

Back 62

Studied social influence and diffusion of responsibility in altruism/bystander intervention



Pluralistic ignorance

Front 63

Walter Cannon

Back 63

Studied autonomic nervous system

Front 64

Arthur Jensen

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Argued that intelligence as measured by IQ tests is almost entirely genetic.; Also focused on differences in IQ scores across race.

Front 65

Leon Festinger

Back 65

Cognitive Dissonance--conflict when attitudes not in sync with behavior.



Minimal justification effect

Front 66

Klein, Winnicott, Mahler & Kernberg

Back 66

Object-relations theory

Front 67

Louis Thurstone

Back 67

Identified 7 primary mental abilities as measure of intelligence

Front 68

Robert Zajonc

Back 68

Emission of dominant responses/mere exposure effect

Front 69

Herman Ebbinghaus

Back 69

Method of Savings

Front 70

Noam Chomsky

Back 70

Best known for work on generative and transformational grammar; Hint: Linguist

Front 71

David Rosenhan

Back 71

Investigated effects of being labeled mentally ill by being admitted into psychiatric hospital, though otherwise normal

Front 72

Ewald Hering

Back 72

Opponent-process theory of color vision

Front 73

Thomas Szasz

Back 73

The Myth of Mental Illness.; Mental disorders are disorders because they differ from the social norm.

Front 74

Kurt Lewin

Back 74

Leadership styles: Autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire

Front 75

AR Luria

Back 75

Studied numerous neurological disorders such as aphasia

Front 76

James Stoner

Back 76

Group polarization: tendency for group discussion to enhance group's initial tendencies towards riskiness or caution

Front 77

Eagly

Back 77

Gender differences not due to gender per se, but differing social roles

Front 78

Muzafer Sherif

Back 78

Robber's Cave Experiment: Goals best obtained thru intergroup cooperation.; Dramatically improves intergroup relations.

Front 79

George Sperling

Back 79

Devised partial-report procedure for studying the limits of memory and recall

Front 80

Keller & Breland

Back 80

Instinctual Drift; Hint: Behaviorists

Front 81

Young & Helmhotz

Back 81

Trichromatic theory of color vision states that cones have red, blue, and green receptors.; Ratio of activity determines color.

Front 82

John Locke

Back 82

Tabula rasa: the mind is a blank slate at birth

Front 83

Niko Tinbergen

Back 83

Introduced experimental methods into natural animal habitats

Front 84

Philip Zimbardo

Back 84

Prison simulation.; Found that people are more likely to commit antisocial acts if they feel anonymous.;



Deindividuation

Front 85

Irving Janis

Back 85

Groupthink: tendency of decision making groups to strive for consensus by ignoring discordant info



Risky shift: group decisions are riskier than the average of individual choices.



Value hypothesis

Front 86

Question

Back 86

Answer

Front 87

Tourette's (what is it? Rates?)

Back 87

Tourette's: A tic disorder. Symptoms: Multiple motor tics, one or more vocal tics. Tics: Sudden, recurrent, stereotyped.



Rates: 4-5/10,000 people

Front 88

Delusion

Back 88

Delusions: False belifs, maintained despite evidence to the contrary.

Front 89

Hallucinations

Back 89

Hallucinations: Perceptions NOT due to external stimuli, but feel real. Most common's auditory.

Front 90

Disorganized thought (word salad, neologism)

Back 90

Disorganized thought: Loosening of associations. Ideas shift, neologisms, word salad

Front 91

Disturbance of Affect (in Schizophrenia)

Back 91

Disturbance of Affect (in Schizophrenia):

1. blunting: a reduction of affect expression



2. Flat Affect:Almost no signs of affective expression



3. Inappropriate affect: Crying when telling a funny story

Front 92

Catatonic Motor Behavior

Back 92

Catatonic Motor Behavior: Extreme behaviors, like rigid posture, useless and bizarre movement

Front 93

Before Schizophrenia (before and during)

Back 93

Before schizophrenia:

1. Prodromal Phase: Deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, inappropriate affect, unusual stuff.

2. Active Phase: Schizo