Gre Psychology

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Norman Triplett

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investigated the effect of First Study of social psychology: competition on performance, people perform better on familar tasks in the presence of others than alone.

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William McDougall and E.H. Ross

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Each separately published first textbooks on social psychology

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Verplank with Pavlov, Thorndike, Hull, and Skinner

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helped establish reinforcement theory

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Verplank

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Social approval influences behavior, course of a conversation changes dramatically based upon feedback (approval) from others.

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Reinforcement Theory

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behavior is motivated by anticipated rewards

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Albert Bandura

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main figure in social learning theory- behavior is learned through imitation

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Role Theory

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perspective that people are aware of the social roles they are expected to fill and much of their observable behavior can be attributed to adopting those roles.

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Components of attitude

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cognition or belifs, feelings, and behavior predisposition.

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Social Psychology

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concerned with social behavior including the ways people influence each other's attitudes and bahavior, the impact the individuals have on one another, that social groups have on ind. group members, ind. group members upon the social group, impact of social groups on other social groups.

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Consistency Theories

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people prefer consistency, and will change or resist changing attitudes based upon this preference.

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Fritz Heider's Balance Theory

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Balance theory is concerned with the way three elements are related- to be balanced all three have to be in harmony agreeing with someone you like, disagreeing with someone you don't.

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Leon Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance theory

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when your attitudes are not in synch with your behaviors you experience a conflict known as cognitive dissonance. The greater the external justification the less the cognitive dissonance and the less likely one will change internal attitudes to reduce the conflict such as with a 20 dollar incentive for completing a boring task

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Minimal justification theory (insufficient justification effect)

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Part of cognitive dissonance theory (Leon Festinger)- cognitive dissonance increases with reduced external incentive and therefore subjects are more likely to change internal cognitions to reduce the conflict.

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Free choice

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situation where a person makes a choice between several desirable alternatives.

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Forced-Compliance dissonance

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occurs when an ind. is forced into behaving in a manner that is inconsistent with his beliefs or attitudes.

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post-decisional dissonance

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dissonance emerging after a choice is made (free choice dissonance)

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spreading of alternatives

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used with free-choice dissonance situation to spread apart the relative worth of two alternatives in order to reduce dissonance by emphasizing the positive aspects of one justifying the choice.

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Classic experiment by Festinger and Carlsmith

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subjects asked to perform a boring task for $20 or $1 and then convince the next subject (assistant to the experimenter) that the task is interesting. Subjects with the $1 incentive reported enjoying the task more than the ones receiving $20 because the external incentive was less creating more dissonance and leaving them only the option to change internal attitudes in order to reduce the dissonance.

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Darl Bem's Self-Perception Theory

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Another explanation for forced-compliance dissonance- people infer what their attitudes are based their own behavior. Key diff. btw. Bem's and Festinger's theories is that their is no hypothesized state of discomfort or dissonance, person't initial attitude is irrelevant.

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Overjustification Effect.

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If you reward people for something they already like doing, they may stop liking it as they may start attributing their behavior to the incentive rather than liking the behavior.