Gre Psych -- Clinical Abnormal

Front 1

Other names for the pleasure principle and the reality principle?

Back 1

Primary and secondary processes, respectively.

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Screen memories?

Back 2

Memories that serve as representations of important childhood experience

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Fundamental tenets of Adler's Individual theory?

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People are whole, creative, and inherently social. The individual has to overcome their feelings of inferiority, and thus develop a "will to power". The will to power is not social-hating though... it benefits society

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Why abnormality for Alder?

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People are to affected by interior feelings of inferiority and are unable to pursue their will to power.

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Goal of therapy for Adler?

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To reduce such feelings of inferiority, and foster social interest and social contribution in patients.

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Adler's 4 dimensions of personality typology?

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Two dimensions: personal activity and social interests

(1) Ruling dominant (choleric) -- high in activity, low in social contrbutions.

(2) Getting-leaning (phlegmatic) -- low in activity, high in social

(3) Avoiding type (melancholic) -- low in activity, low in social

(4) Socially useful type (sanguine) -- high in both.

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Jung -- rather than sex, the psyche is orientated towards ?

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life and awareness

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Jung's persona?

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The outer mask, the persona you don. mediator of the external world.

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Anima/animus?

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anima -- the female elements of a man; complements his own maniliness

animus -- male elements possessed by a female; complements her femaleness.

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'self' for Jun?

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The full individual potential, symbolized in cultures by figures like the Buddha/Jesus.

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Mandala?

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A symbol in dreams that represents the individual's desire for wholeness, and completeness

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Analysis for Jung?

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Psychodyanamic. Conscious and unconscious. Analysis of dreams, artwork, personal symbols also of great importance.

Goal is always to become closer to full potential through integration of unconscious messages .

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Main tenet of Roger's theory?

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That human beings have a tendency towards actualizing... towards becoming more whole, and more full. Best conducted in an atmosphere that fosters growth.

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Source of pathology?/goals of therapy?

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In congruence between the real selve and the potential self.

Goal of therapy is to bring the ideal self (the real self) into alignment with the conscious self (the actual self). Another goal is to have the patient grab and maintain an internal locus of control/evaluation, and have a willingness-to-experience

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Three things the therapist MUST do?

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(1) Provide empathy -- appreciate, don't just listen to the client's world

(2) Unconditional positive regard -- facilitates a trusting, warm environment where actualization can be experienced

(3) Genuineness/congruence -- the therapist should be in sync with patient... no professional reserve.. speak openly and honestly

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Biggest floundering of Roger's?

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Used no diagnostic tools ... believed that client centered therapy applied to ALL psychological problems

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Differences between radical behaviorism and neo-behav?

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Radical -- Skinner and behavior is related only to its consequences and its conditioning

neo -- use Pavlovian counterconditioning to create new response patterns to stimuli.

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Therapeutic techniques?

sys desentiation
flooding or implosive therapy
aversion
shaping
modeling
assertiveness training
role playing

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No emphasis on thoughts, feelings, unconscious, etc.

Only unlearning.

SD -- Joseph Wolpe. Used to reduce anxiety (especially phobic based)

Flood -- Exposed to anxiety provocing stimuli over and over, as to "flood" it and make it less anxious overtime

aversion -- operant principles of neg reinforcement. Create an anxiety reaction where there previously was none .. used to treat fetishes .

shaping -- reinforce behaviors that come closer and closer to the right one

modeling -- social learning ; expose the client to more adaptive behaviors

assertive ness -- provide tools and experience through which the client can become more assertive


role plying -- practice the new behaviors/responses

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potential problems of behavior therapy (though it obviously works for a lot of things)?

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accused of treating only the symptoms, and never the underlying problem. NOT wholistic

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Aaron Beck and cognitive theory?

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Conscious thought patterns are given the starring role. The thinking -- the interpretation of experiences -- are more important than the actual experiences themselves

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Maladaptive cognitions?

arbitrary inference
overgeneralization
magnifying/minimizing
personalizing
dichotomous thinking

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arb -- drawing conclusions without real or solid evidence

overgener -- isolated incidents into the norm

mag.min -- making too little or too much of something

personalizing -- inappropriately taking responsibility

di -- black and white

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Depression caused by?

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the negative triad -- negativity about self, the world, and the future. the BDI measures such stuff.

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Therapy? Criticisms?

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Repair maladaptive cognitions. Directed therapy aimed at exposing the illogical nature of their idelogies about self.

Similiar criticisms as behavioral -- only treating the symptoms. WHY are they having faulty cognitions?

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Albert Ellis and Rational Emotive Therapy?

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Intertwined thoughts and feelings produce behavior. Elements of cognitive, behavioral, and emotional therapy.

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ABC and abnormality?

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Psychological tension created when Activating event occurs (Antecedent), client develops Beliefs about it, the leads to Consequence of emotional disruption.

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Therapy? D

Goal of therapy? E

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Highly directive. Lead the client to Dispute the irrational beliefs (D)

Goal is for Effective rational beliefs.

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Criticisms?

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Too rational and sterile.

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Gestalt theory ... main people and main theory?

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Kurt Koffka, Fritz Perls, and Max Wertheimer.

The goal is to fully experience and perceive the present in order to become a whole and integrated person. Stand apart from beliefs, biases, attitudes, etc.

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Why abnormal?

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disturbances of awareness. May not have insight, or may not fully experience his present situation (choosing not to acknowledge certain aspects)

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Therapy? Including goal of?

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Dialogue. Client learns from shared dialogue. Focus on here-and-now.

Goal is to explore fully their awareness and experience of the present.

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Criticisms?

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Not really suitable for low-functioning or disturbed clients

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Three main monoamines?

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Dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.

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Antipsychotics?

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Used to treat things like schizophrenia, especially the positive symptoms (like hallucinations, delusions, etc.), by inhibiting the production of dopamine.

chlorpromazine (Thorazine) and haloperidol (Haldol) are two examples

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Antimanics?

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Drug of choice to manage bipolar disorder. Inhibit monoamines like nore and serotonin. e.g., lithium. Based on theory that excessive monoamines cause mania

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Antidepressants?

5 kinds?

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Opposite of antimanics... increases dopamines and serotonin.

TCA -- tricylcic antidepressants. Tricyclic chemical structure. Amitriptyline (Elavil)

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) -- phenelzine (Nardil)

Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibi (SSRIs) -- Fewer side effects ... most frequently prescribed.
e.g., fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), and sertraline (Zoloft)

Anxiolytics -- used to reduce anxiety or induce sleep. Increases the GABA effectiveness. High possiblity of addiction. e.g., barbituates and benzodiazepines (Valium), alprazolam (Zanax)

Antabuse -- Metabalise with alcohol to create severe nausea and vomitting. Can be used to countercondition alcoholics.

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Eyesenk's famous critique?

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That psychotherapy was no more effective than doing nothing

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Anna Freud?

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Applied Freudian techniques to child psychology and development. Also furthered developed the defense mechanisms

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Melanie Klein?

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Object relation theory and psychoanalysis with children

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Two biggest neo-freudians?

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Karen Horney -- emphasized culture and society over instinct. Neuroticisms is a movement against, toward, or away from other people

Harry Stack Sullivan -- social and interpersonal relationships emphasized

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Neil Miller proved what experimentally?

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that abnormal behavior can be learned

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How long to antidepressants require to begin working?

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Usually six weeks

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Disorders often diagnosed in Childhood?

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Autism, ADHD, conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder, tic, elimination (nocturnal enuresis), learning disorders, mental retardation ( below 70... if below 25, profound, 25-40 severe, 40-55 mod, 55-70 mild)

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Delirium, dementia, other cog disorders

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Delirium -- disturbed consciousness (awareness, attention, focus) and cognition (memory, disorientation)


dementia -- cognitive problems with memory, that result from a MEDICAL CONDITION!!! e.g., alzheimers, parkinsons, huntingtons, ticks, etc.

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Mental Disorders Due to GENERAL

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e.g., depression due to hypothyroidism.

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substance related disorders (two main categories)

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dependence -- continued use despite problems, need for increased amounts, desire to stop but inable, withdrawal, lessening of outside interests ,et c.

abuse -- reccurrent use despite substance-related problems or danger.

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Schizophrenia and other psychotic
Onset?

Diathesis-stress?

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(formerly dementia praecox), renamed by Eugene Bleuler to Schizophrenia. Literally means split mind... not split personalities though.
Includes positive and negative symptoms (pos = hallucinations, etc, and negative = flat affect, restrictive thought, speech, behavior)
Onset typically between late adolescence and mid 30s. Process schizo developes slowly, whereas reactive schizo is all of a sudden after an event. Process has a lower rate of recovery.

Diathesis = phisiological/biological predisposition, which is set off my some form of psychosocial stressor. Most common neuro finding is excessive dopamine.

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Five types of schizo?

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(1) Paranoid -- preoccupation with delusions or auditory hallucinations.

(2) Disorganized (or hebephrenic) -- disorganized speech and behavior, and flat affect

(3) Catatonic -- psychomotor disturbances (catalepsy .. motor inability, waxy figure); excessive motor activity; prominent posturing; echolalia; echopraxia (imitating the gestures of others)

(4) Undifferentiated -- grab bag, if doesn't fit the others

(5) Residual -- Watered down schizo, with few positive symptoms if any.

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Schizo affective?

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Schizophrenic symtoms, but it is paired with a despressive episodes

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Delusional disorder?

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Persistent delusions of various types; grandiose; erotomanic (that people are in love with you); jealousy; persecutory; somatic

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Shared psychotic disorder?

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Folie a deux; when two people share their delusions

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Three mood disorders?

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MDD -- Symptoms present nearly every day for at least 2 weeks. Loss of appetite, fatigue, sadness, changes inweight and sleep, feelings of worthlessness. 2x common in females.

DSY -- symptoms of MDD but are present more days than not for at least two years. Never an actual depressive episode.

BI-POL -- Manic depression. Depressive episodes alternate with manic episodes. Equal prevelance.

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Anixety disorders and panic attack?

Medications/treatments?

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One component of many of them... typically lasts for less than 10 mintues. Very intense. Intense fears of dying or of needing to escape.

GAD is usually treated with antianxiolytics, but the more specific ones are usually treated with some form of behavioral therapy as well.

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5 categories of Anxiety?

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(1) Panic disorder -- recurrent panic attacks. persistent worry about another attack. Often accompanied by a mitral valve problem with the heart

(2) Agoraphobia -- fear of the "out there" in which panic symptoms might arise, and from which there would be no escape.

(3) Phobia -- Recognized, unreasonable, intense anxiety symptoms anchored on a specific stimulus.

(4) OCD

(5) PTSD --

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Two somatoform disorders?

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(1) conversion disorder -- psychological problems are converted to bodily symptoms. Hysteria, to Freud. Often manifests in paralysis

(2) Hypochondriasis -- Irrational concern about having a serious disease

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Factitious disorder?

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Creating physical symptoms through fabrication or self-infliction

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Three dissociative disorders?

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Used to be called PSYCHOGENIC disorders
(1) Amnesia -- inabbility to recall information after a trauma

(2) Fugue -- suddenly fleeing to a new location, forgetting identity, and possibly forming a new one

(3) Identity disorder -- DID. Two or more personalities that control behavior in different situations

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Sexual and Gender Identiy Disorders

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Anything sexual... as far reaching as fetishes and arousal problems.

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Eatin disorders (two main types)

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Anorexia nervosa -- refusing to eat enough to maintain a healthy and consistent body weight

Bulimia nervosa -- Binge eating accompanied by the urge to purge

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Sleep disorders (5) ?

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Insomnia
Hypersomnia
Narcolepsy
Nightmare -- typically during REM.
Night terror -- fear and dread, typically during stages 3 and 4. Wake up screaming and crying.

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Impulse Control Disorders (not elsewhere classified). (4)

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Uncontrollable urge to do something, and the doing of it releases tension.

Kleptomanina

Pyromanina

Pathological gambling

Trich

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Adjustment disorders

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Presence of a real stressor (like moving, divorce, etc.) that results in decreased functioning

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Personality Disorders?

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RIGID, PERVASIVE, EARLY ONSET, EGO SYNTONTIC

Paranoid -- distrust, suspicion
Schizoid -- detatchment, small range of emotions
Schizotypal -- Eccentricity, distorted reality

Anti -- disregard for all others. Solipsistic. No guilt.
Borderline -- Impulsive, very unstable character/emotions/relationships
Histrionic -- excessive emotion and attention seeking
Narcis -- Idea of superiortity, need for admiration

Avoidant -- hypersensitivty; withdrawal from social situations. peceptions of inadequcy
Dependent -- clinging, pervasicely needs the OTHER.
Obsessive -- perfectionism, exvessive orderliness and need of control

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Tardive dyskinesia?

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Long term use of neuroleptics and psychotropic drugs -- characterized by involuntary repetitive movements of the tongue, jaw, or extremetites.

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Dopamine... why is it important?

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Linked to many disorders, especially schizophrenia.. too much of it.

Use of amphetamines increases dopamine production and results in schizophrenia like symptoms.

Neuroleptics drugs (like the antipsychotics) decrease dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors

Parkinson's is known to be linked to too little dopamine. Drugs like levodopa increase the activity of these

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Cretinism?

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Different mental retardation than down's caused by iodine deficiency.

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two major organic disorders associated with drinking?

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Korsakoff's -- vitamin B deficiency. Loss of memory and orientation

Wernicke's syndrome -- thiamine deficiency. memory problems and eye dysfunction

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Phenylketonuria (PKU) ?

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recessive, infant disease assciaed with excess amino acids. Inborn error of metabolism

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Tay-Sachs disease

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recessive, genetic defici in hexosaminidase A. Sufferers may have psychotic symptoms quite like schizophrenia or dementia

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One Y and two X chromo?

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Kilnefelter's syndrome

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Depression differences in gender and cultures?

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higher rates in developed countries. Also women are twice as likely to develop unipolar depression as men. Bipolar rates are equal

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Reactive depression is similiar to?

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Learned helplessness. React to a very negative event in the environment by becoming withdrawn, sadm giving up, feeling worthless, etc.

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Thomas Szasz and schizo?

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Viewed the schizophrenic world as misunderstood .. they are more artistic

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Fromm and Reichman schizophrenogenic mother?

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Mothers who cause schizophrenia in their children ...

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David Rosenhan's famous study of diagnosis/

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Had fake patients act out illnesses, and go into a hospital. Once admitted, they started acting normally again, but all their behavior was construed as part of their illness.... show's the absurdity of the diagnostic system