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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who created behavior theory and what is it? |
- B. F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov, and Joseph Wolpe - behavior theory is the application of classical and operant conditioning principles to abnormal behavior; a model of behavior based on learning |
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Generally, how do behavioralists change maladaptive behavior? |
Through new learning |
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What is radical behavioralism? What idea is it related to? |
- belief that not only is behavioralism a science of behavior, but it's a natural science as well - associated with Skinner’s idea of operant conditioning that behavior is only related to its consequences |
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What is neobehavioralism? What idea is it related to? |
- While "behaviorism" avoided things like consciousness and mental concepts, "neobehaviorism" includes things like consciousness and mental events in order to explain behavior - uses Pavlov’s classical counterconditioning principles to create new responses to stimuli |
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What does behavior theory postulate is the cause of abnormal behavior? |
Learning |
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Behavior therapy is ___[short/long term]____ and ___[directed/non-directed]____. |
Behavior therapy is short-term and directed. |
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Does behavior theory use the psychodynamic approach? |
No (it doesn’t address unconscious elements) - it doesn’t address thoughts, feelings, nor unconscious motivations. |
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How does the therapist conduct therapy using behavior theory? |
Using specific counterconditioning techniques so the client learns new responses to stimuli |
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What are the seven most common counterconditioning techniques used in behavior therapy? |
- systematic desensitization: applies classical conditioning in order to relieve anxiety; The client is exposed to increasingly anxiety-provoking stimuli until their anxiety is decreased - flooding or implosive therapy: applies classical conditioning in order to relieve anxiety; the client is repeatedly exposed to an anxiety-producing stimulus so that eventually the overexposure leads to lessened anxiety - aversion therapy: uses classical conditioning to increase anxiety; generally used to treat addiction and fetishes - shaping: uses operant conditioning to change behavior; the client is reinforced for behaviors that come closer to the desired action - modeling: uses social learning principles; exposes the client to more adaptive behaviors - assertiveness training: provides tools and experience through which the client can become more assertive - role playing: allows the client to practice new behaviors and responses |
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Who developed the systematic desensitization counter conditioning technique? |
Joseph Wolpe |
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What is the goal of behavior therapy? |
To change behavior in the desired or adaptive direction |
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What disorders has behavior therapy been extremely successful in treating? |
Phobias, fetishes, obsessive-compulsive disorder, sexual problems, and childhood disorders (particularly nocturnal enuresis or bed-wetting) |
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What is a criticism of behavior therapy? |
That it only treats the symptoms rather than the underlying problem |
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Who created cognitive theory? What aspect of the mind does cognitive theory assert is at the root of mental health and psychological disorders? |
- Aaron Beck - Conscious thought patterns (as opposed to emotions or behaviors) |
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What is the use of the Beck Depression inventory (BDI) and what two settings is it used in? |
- used to determine the number of depressive symptoms that someone has; measures the severity of depression by seeing how much of the cognitive triad someone has - used in research and a clinical setting |
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What does cognitive theory believe causes abnormal behavior/psych disorders? |
Maladaptive cognitions |
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What are the five types of maladaptive cognitions according to cognitive theory? |
- arbitrary inference: Drawing a conclusion without solid evidence; eg, “ my boss thinks I’m stupid because he never asks me to play golf” - overgeneralization: mistaking isolated incidents for the norm; “ no one will ever want to be with me” - magnifying/minimizing: making too much or little of something; “ it was luck that I did well on my exam” - personalizing: inappropriately taking responsibility; “ our office is field project was all my fault” - dichotomous thinking: black-and-white thinking; “ if I don’t score a 750 on the GRE I’ll have no future” |
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Is cognitive therapy long- or short-term? Directed or non-directed? |
Short-term; directed |
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What does the therapist do during cognitive therapy? |
Expose and restructure maladaptive thoughts and reasoning patterns by focusing on tangible evidence of the client’s logic (eg, what the client says and does) |
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What is the goal of cognitive therapy? |
To correct maladaptive cognitions |
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What is the criticism of cognitive therapy? What other therapy has a similar criticism? |
It addresses how a person thinks but not why the thought patterns developed in the first place; it removes the symptoms (maladaptive cognitions) but may not cure the problem |
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Who created rational emotive theory (RET) and what did it purport? |
Albert Ellis; intertwined thoughts and feelings produce behavior |
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What does rational emotive theory postulate causes psychological tension? |
When a client develops certain beliefs about an activating event |
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Is rational emotive therapy directive or non-directive? How so? |
Directive; the therapist leads the client to dispute their irrational beliefs |
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What is the goal of rational emotive therapy? |
For effective rational beliefs to replace previous self-defeating ones; then the clients thoughts, feelings, and behaviors can coexist |
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What is a criticism of rational emotive therapy? |
It removes the symptoms but may not cure the problem; similar to cognitive and behavioral therapy |
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What three psychologists created Gestalt theory? |
Fritz Perls, Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka |
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What does gestalt theory aim to help the client do? |
To separate themselves from beliefs, biases, and attitudes derived from the past so they can fully experience and perceive the present in order to become a whole and integrated person |
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What does gestalt theory purport causes abnormal behavior? |
Disturbances of awareness; the client may not have insight (the ability to see how all the pieces of experience fit together), or the client may not fully experience their present situation (choosing not to acknowledge certain aspects of the situation) |
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In gestalt theory, is the therapist directive or non-directive? How so? |
Non-directive; the therapist engages in a dialogue with the client, instead of leading the client towards a particular goal; the client learns from the shared dialogue |
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What is the goal of gestalt therapy? |
Exploration of awareness and fully experiencing the present |
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What is a criticism of gestalt therapy? |
That the therapy is not effective with low-functioning clients |
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Who created existential theory? |
Victor Frankl |
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What does existential theory purport? What does it say are a person’s greatest struggles in life? |
- an individual is constantly striving to rise above a simple behavioral existence and toward a genuine and meaningful existence - what Frankl referred to as “will to meaning” - being vs. non-being; meaningfulness vs. meaninglessness |
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Who, besides Victor Frankl, was a major contributor to existential therapy? |
Rollo May |
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What does existential theory purport causes neurosis? |
Perceived meaninglessness in life - causes neurosis or neurotic anxiety |
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What happens in existential therapy? |
Deep questions relating to the client’s perception and meaning of existence are discussed |
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What is the goal of existential theory therapy? |
To increase a client’s sense of being and meaningfulness - thus alleviating neurotic anxiety |
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What is a criticism of existential theory therapy? |
That it’s too abstract for people with serious mental illness |
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What class of neurotransmitters are dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine? |
Monoamines |
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What are the three most common neurotransmitters acted upon by psychopharmacological treatments? |
Dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine |
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What were the first drugs used for psychopathology? |
Antipsychotics |
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What symptom of what disorder were antipsychotics usually used to treat? How (on the neurotransmitter level)? |
- Positive symptoms of schizophrenia (eg, delusions and hallucinations) - blocking dopamine receptors and inhibiting dopamine production |
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What are two antipsychotic drugs? (Drug and brand name) |
- chlorpromazine (Thorazine) - haloperidol (Haldol) |
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What disorder are antimanics used to treat? What do they do on the neurotransmitter level? |
- bipolar disorder - they inhibit monoamines such as norepinephrine and serotonin, based on the theory that mania results from excessive monoamines |
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What is an example of an antimanic? |
Lithium |
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Antidepressants are used to reduce the symptoms of what disorder? What medication does this do the opposite thing as? This is based on the theory that this disorder is caused by what? Antidepressants work by doing what on the neurotransmitter level? |
- depressive symptoms - antimanics - the theory that abnormally low levels of monoamines cause depression - antidepressants act to increase the production and transmission of various monoamines |
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Three different kinds of antidepressants and their descriptions (if applicable) and at least one example of each |
- tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs): have a tricyclic chemical structure; eg, amitriptyline (Elavil) - monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs): eg, phenelzine (Nardil) - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): act only on serotonin; eg, fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), and sertraline (Zoloft) |
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What kind of antidepressant is the most frequently prescribed? Why? |
SSRIs; they have fewer side effects than TCAs and MAOIs |
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What disorder/symptoms do anxiolytics alleviate? How, on the neurotransmitter level? What is a potential danger of this drug? Two examples? |
- reduce anxiety or to induce sleep - increasing the effectiveness of GABA (since it is an inhibitory neurotransmitter) - they have a high potential for causing habituation and addiction - eg, barbiturates and benzodiazepines such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax) |
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What is the use of the drug Antabuse? How does it do this on the neurotransmitter level? |
- can be used to counteract alcoholism - changes the metabolism of alcohol, resulting in severe nausea and vomiting when the person consumes alcohol |
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What is the goal of psychopharmacology? |
To provide relief from symptoms of psychopathology |
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What is a criticism of psychopharmacology? |
Drugs that take away symptoms do not provide interpersonal support |
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What is Hans Eysenck known for? |
He criticized the effectiveness of psychotherapy after analyzing studies that indicated psychotherapy was no more successful than no treatment at all. Other studies have since contradicted this point. |
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What is Anna Freud known for? |
Applying Freudian ideas to child psychology and development |
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What was Melanie Klein known for? |
Pioneering object-relations theory and psychoanalysis with children |
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What was Karen Horney most known for? |
A neo-Freudian who emphasized culture and society over instinct; suggested that neuroticism is expressed as movement toward, against, and away from people |
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What was Harry Stack Sullivan most known for? |
A neo-Freudian who emphasized social and interpersonal relationships |
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Psychodynamic theory |
A general term that refers to theories (eg, individual or analytical) that emphasize the role of the unconscious |
