Psych Gre - Abnormal Iii

Front 1

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Back 1

Employs principles from cognitive and behavioral theory

Front 2

Humanistic theory

Back 2

A general term that refers to theories (eg, client-centered, Gestalt, or existential) that emphasize the positive, evolving free will in people; optimistic about human behavior

Front 3

What is the “Third Force” in psychotherapy?

Back 3

Humanistic theory; because it’s in reaction to psychoanalysis and behavioralism

Front 4

Describe Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Back 4

Pertains to human motivation; Maslow asserted that humans start at the bottom of the pyramid and work their way up by satisfying the needs on each level

Front 5

Who was the leader of the humanistic movement?

Back 5

Abraham Maslow

Front 6

What is play therapy used for? Who is it used with?

Back 6

- used with child clients

- during play, a child client may convey emotions, situations, or disturbances that might otherwise go unexpressed

Front 7

What is electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) and what disorder is it used to treat?

Back 7

- delivers electric current to the brain and induces convulsions

- it’s an effective intervention for severely depressed patients

Front 8

Family therapy

Back 8

Treats a family together and views the whole family as the client

Front 9

What is the purpose of stress-inoculation training and who developed it?

Back 9

- prepares people for foreseeable stressors

- developed by Donald Meichenbaum

Front 10

What is Neil Miller known for?

Back 10

Experimentally proving that abnormal behavior can be learned

Front 11

What is evidence-based treatment? Elaborate on the discord around its applicability.

Back 11

- Treatment for mental health problems that has been shown to produce results in empirical research studies

- many argue that only evidence-based treatment is ethical

- others argue that controlled experiments are so unlike real treatment environment that the results are not as useful (or widely applicable) as one might suppose

Front 12

How long do antidepressants normally require to start working?

Back 12

At least six weeks

Front 13

Applied psychology

Back 13

The branch of psychology that uses principles or research findings to solve people’s problems

Front 14

What is the latest version of the DSM?

Back 14

The DSM-V

Front 15

How many categories are there in the DSM-V?

Back 15

*idk, look it up* and also look up the general layout of the disorders in the book and make a couple flashcards about it

Front 16

Amphetamines (increase/decrease) dopamine activity and thus produce symptoms similar to the disorder, _____________.

Back 16

Amphetamines increase dopamine activity and thus produce symptoms similar to schizophrenia - that is, paranoid symptoms.

Front 17

What kind of symptoms do neuroleptic drugs alleviate and how do they do this on the neurotransmitter level? What is an example of this drug?

Back 17

- relieve schizophrenic symptoms

- reduce dopamine activity by blocking dopamine receptors

- eg, the antipsychotic chlorpromazine

Front 18

Neuroleptics can cause symptoms like [this disorder] because they decrease dopamine activity.

Back 18

Neuroleptics can cause symptoms similar to those of Parkinson’s because they decrease dopamine activity.

Front 19

Someone with Parkinson’s needs to boost dopamine activity through use of a drug such as ________.

Back 19

Someone with Parkinson’s needs to boost dopamine activity through use of a drug such as levodopa.

Front 20

Tardive dyskinesia: can result from long-term use of what two drugs? What characterizes this disorder?

Back 20

- can result from long-term use of neuroleptics or psychotropics

- characterized by involuntary, repetitive movements of the tongue, jaw, or extremities

Front 21

What is the most common cause of mental retardation?

Back 21

Down syndrome

Front 22

What causes Down syndrome? Which mothers have a higher likelihood of having a baby with Down syndrome?

Back 22

- a chromosomal abnormality - a trisomy of chromosome 21 (three copies of the 21st chromosome rather than two)

- older women have a greater chance of having a baby with Down syndrome

Front 23

What is cretinism?

Back 23

A form of mental retardation that is caused by iodine deficiency

Front 24

What are two organic disorders that result from years of heavy drinking? What are each of them caused by? What characterizes each of them?

Back 24

- Korsakoff’s syndrome: caused by vitamin B deficiency; the loss of memory and orientation; sufferers often make up events to fill in the gaps (these are confabulations)

- Wernicke’s syndrome: caused by thiamine deficiency; is characterized by memory problems and eye dysfunctions

Front 25

Phenylketonuria (PKU): what is it and what causes it?

Back 25

A recessive, infant disease; an inborn error of metabolism; related to excess amino acids

Front 26

Tay-Sachs disease: what is it, what causes it, and what disorder do it’s symptoms resemble?

Back 26

A recessive, genetic deficiency of hexosaminidase A; symptoms may resemble psychological disorders such as schizophrenia or dementia

Front 27

Klinefelter’s syndrome

Back 27

A male with one Y and two X chromosomes

Front 28

Does depression have a higher occurrence rate in developed or developing countries?

Back 28

Developed countries

Front 29

Which gender is twice as likely to be diagnosed with unipolar depression as the other gender?

Back 29

Women are twice as likely as men

Front 30

What is reactive depression and what psychological phenomenon is it similar to?

Back 30

- Depression resulting from particular events

- Martin Seligman’s idea of learned helplessness

Front 31

What was Thomas Szasz known for?

Back 31

He believed that people with schizophrenia are just misunderstood or artistic and should not be treated

Front 32

Depressive realism

Back 32

The finding that depressed people tend to be more realistic about life than non-depressed people

Front 33

Which two researchers coined the term schizophrenogenic mother and what does the term refer to?

Back 33

- Fromm and Reichman

- a type of mother who supposedly causes children to become schizophrenic

Front 34

What was David Rosenhan known for?

what were some of his conclusions from his study?

Back 34

- studying the effect of diagnostic labels on the perception of behavior. Experiment: normal pseudopatients were admitted to hospitals feigning disorders. They acted normally once inside but their behaviors were construed as fitting the diagnosis anyway.

- published "On Being Sane in Insane Places"

- later he presented his results and told hospitals he'd be doing the experiment again soon. So the hospitals found what they found were the confederates and discharged them but it turned out he didn't send any confederates after all ;)

- the general view of the time was that mental illness was an irreversible condition, like a personality trait, rather than a curable illness (when discharged, the confederates were dubbed "paranoid schizophrenia in remission")

- how the patients were diagnosed was less based on their actual issue and more on how professionals interpret it

Front 35

what does life event stress most frequently result from?

Back 35

large, sudden changes or problems

Front 36

what does health psychology study?

Back 36

the biological, behavioral, and social impacts on health and illness

Front 37

what are two factors that health psychology has found affect your health?

Back 37

- your stress levels (eg, you're more likely to get sick during exams)

- your level of social support (eg, when you have more social support you get sick less often, your sicknesses are shorter, you're less likely to develop heart disease, etc.)

Front 38

what is primary prevention?

Back 38

attempts to prevent psychosocial issues with an at-risk group before they develop

eg, prenatal health care, DARE (drug abuse resistance education), and Head Start

Front 39

what does it mean for an intervention to be culturally competent? why is it important for interventions and therapists to be culturally competent?

Back 39

- it recognizes and is tailored to cultural differences; the therapists are trained to learn the language, customs, and norms of the various cultures they serve

- this is important because it minimizes Eurocentric bias and assumptions and prevents individuals from having to constantly explain their culture

Front 40

what is community psychology?

Back 40

a model in which psychology is taken into the community via community centers or schools, instead of having individuals come to clinics and universities; emphasizes respect and also recognizes the logistics that keep the neediest people from seeking help

Front 41

what are the IQ ranges for mild, moderate, severe, and profound mental retardation?

Back 41

mental retardation in general: IQ of 70 or below

- mild: 55-70

- moderate: 40-55

- severe: 25-40

- profound: < 25

Front 42

what is a learning disorder indicated by?

Back 42

indicated by school achievement or standardized scores at least two standard deviations below the mean for the appropriate age and IQ

Front 43

what are some signs of a developmental disorder? an example of one?

Back 43

- severe problems with social skills, communication, and interests

- eg, autism

Front 44

what is a sign of ADD/ADHD? how is it treated most frequently?

Back 44

problems with attention, behavior, and impulsivity; most frequently treated with stimulants (such as Ritalin and Adderall)

Front 45

what is an indication of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder?

Back 45

patterns of behaviors that violate rules, norms, or the rights of others

Front 46

what kind of disorder is Tourette's syndrome and what is it indicated by?

Back 46

a tic disorder; indicated by motor and vocal tics

Front 47

what is an elimination disorder and what is an example of one? how are they usually treated?

Back 47

- inappropriately eliminating (expelling) urine or feces

- eg, nocturnal enuresis (bed-wetting)

- usually treated with behavior modification

Front 48

what are some disorders often diagnosed in childhood?

Back 48

- mental retardation

- learning disorders

- developmental disorders

- attention-deficit and disruptive behavior disorders

- tic disorders

- elimination disorders

Front 49

what are some indications of delirium?

Back 49

disturbed consciousness (awareness, attention, focus) and cognition (memory, disorientation)

Front 50

what is a sign of dementia and what are four disorders that it could be a result of?

Back 50

-- cognitive problems (with memory, spatial tasks, or language) that result from a medical condition

- Alzheimer's

- Parkinson's: tremors with declining neurological functioning

- Huntington's disease: genetically inherited progressive degeneration of thought, emotion, and movement

- Pick's disease: disease of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain characterized by changes in personality

Front 51

what is a medical condition that could cause depression?

Back 51

hypothyroidism

Front 52

dependence

abuse

Back 52

- dependence: indicated by some combination of the following: continued use despite problems; need for an increased amount of the substance; a desire but inability to stop use; withdrawal; less interest in other things; spending lots of time acquiring, using, or recovering from the substance

- abuse: recurrent use despite substance-related problems or danger

Front 53

what are psychotic disorders?

Back 53

the person has hallucinations or delusions

Front 54

what was schizophrenia formerly known as and what was its previous name?

Back 54

- formerly known as dementia praecox

- renamed by Eugene Bleuler

Front 55

what are positive and negative symptoms in the case of schizophrenia?

Back 55

- positive: abnormally present

- negative: abnormally absent

Front 56

what are four positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Back 56

- delusions: erroneous or distorted thinking

- perceptual hallucinations

- disorganized speech: maybe by using made-up words ("neologisms")

- disorganized behavior: inappropriate dress; agitation; shouting

Front 57

what are two negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Back 57

- flat affect

- restrictions in thought, speech, or behavior

Front 58

what is the general age range during which schizophrenia normally develops?

Back 58

generally between late adolescence and the mid-30's

Front 59

process schizophrenia

reactive schizophrenia

Back 59

- process schizophrenia: develops gradually

- reactive schizophrenia: develops suddenly in response to a particular event

Front 60

which has a lower rate of recovery - process schizophrenia or reactive schizophrenia?

Back 60

process schizophrenia

Front 61

what effect does having a history of good social and interpersonal skills have on recovery from schizophrenia?

Back 61

generally, someone with those skills is more likely to recover from schizophrenia than someone who is antisocial

Front 62

what does the diathesis-stress theory state with regards to schizophrenia?

Back 62

schizophrenia results from a physiological predisposition plus an external stressor

Front 63

what is the biochemical factor most associated with schizophrenia?

Back 63

excessive dopamine in the brain

Front 64

what are the five main types of schizophrenia?

Back 64

- paranoid: delusions and/or auditory hallucinations

- disorganized: aka hebephrenic schizophrenia; disorganized speech and behavior and a flat affect

- catatonic: psychomotor disturbance (eg, catalepsy - motor immobility or waxy figure); excessive motor activity; prominent posturing (gestures, mannerisms, or grimmacing); echolalia (parroting); or echopraxia (imitating the gestures of others

- undifferentiated: a medley of schizophrenic symptoms

- residual: watered-down schizophrenia with few positive symptoms, if any

Front 65

echolalia

Back 65

a symptom of catatonic schizophrenia; parroting

Front 66

echopraxia

Back 66

a symptom of catatonic schizophrenia; imitating the gestures of others

Front 67

schizoaffective disorder

Back 67

schizophrenic symptoms accompanying a depressive episode