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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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William Sheldon |
- Related body types to certain human behaviors — Endomorphy: soft and spherical body type — Mesomorphy: hard, muscular, and rectangular body type — Ectomorphy: thin, fragile, and lightly muscled |
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E. G. Boring |
Suggested that the development of different schools of psychology isn’t so much due to different theorists but to “Zeitgeist,” or the changing spirit of the times |
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What was basically the first school of thought, brought about by which theorist’s method of _______? What were some of the major schools of psych that developed afterwards? |
- Structuralism, formed by Edward Titchener’s method of introspection - functionalism, behavioralism, Gestalt psychology, cognitive psychology, psychoanalysis, systems psychology, and humanism |
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Which theorist had the first comprehensive theory of personality? What system of thought did this theorist create? |
- Sigmund Freud - Psychoanalytic system of thought |
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Humanism: what is it, what did it arise in opposition to, and who are two primary theorists in the school? |
- Belief in free will and belief that people should be considered as wholes, not a collection of responses (behaviorism) or instincts (psychoanalysis) - Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers |
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How were patients of mental illness treated in asylums starting in the 1500’s? |
Cells were dark dungeons, no heat in the winter, hands and feet were chained, patients slept on straw and had to sit in their own filth |
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Who got rid of a lot of the terrible conditions in asylums in Paris in 1792 (which then spread to reforms in other asylums)? |
Philippe Pinel |
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Dorothea Dix |
American reformer for treating the hospitalized mentally ill in a humane way in the 1800’s |
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Emil Kraepelin |
Published a textbook which grouped commonly co-occurring mental disorder symptoms together, creating the precursor to the DSM |
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Discovering the cause of general paresis... what is the cause and what was the importance of this discovery? Also what are the symptoms and prognosis of the disorder? |
- delusions of grandeur, mental deterioration, eventual paralysis, and death - due to brain deterioration caused by syphilis - first instance of scientists seeing that physiological factors could contribute to mental disorders |
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What were two (unsuccessful and dangerous) ways that theorists tried to treat schizophrenia back in the day? Mention any theorists involved - what development did away with treatments like these |
- Electroshock to cure schizophrenia - Cerletti and Bini - Prefeontal lobotomies - Antipsychotic drugs did away with these “treatments” |
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What are the four areas of theories of personality? Their descriptions? |
- Psychodynamic/psychoanalytic: unconscious internal states that motivate behavior and personality - Behaviorist: - phenomenological: emphasizes internal processes rather than outward behavior; sometimes called humanists because they focus on what distinguishes us from animals - type and trait |
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Describe Freud’s model of personality. And what kind of model was it? |
- the structural dynamic model - the id (has all the psychic energy, has all the psychological stuff present from birth), ego, and superego |
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Describe Freud’s model of personality. And describe the three parts of the self that it proposes |
- the structural dynamic model - the id (has all the psychic energy, has all the psychological stuff present from birth; the animal part), ego, and superego |
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What is the pleasure principle in Freud’s theory and what part of the self acts on it? |
- tries to immediately discharge any energy buildup (aka relieve tension) - the primary process is responding to frustration by trying to obtain satisfaction now, not later |
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Describe wish fulfillment in Freud’s theory. What part of the self is it a part of? |
The id. Eg, a picture of some food may appear (through the primary process) |
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What is the secondary process in Freud’s theory? Which principle occurs in it? |
- the secondary process is where the ego moderates which desires of the id can and can’t be met according to reality - it postpones the pleasure principle until the individual can actually access the object of their desire. |
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Describe the relationship between the ego and the id |
The ego gets its power from the id but it can never be independent of the id. |
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What comes about (in the form of benefit to the individual) from the give and take between the ego and the secondary process? |
The development of the psychological processes of perception, memory, problem-solving, thinking, and reality testing |
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In what way is the superego similar to the id? |
It’s not in touch with reality either; it strives for the ideal rather than the real |
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What are the two subsystems of the superego? |
- the conscience: rules and norms about what is bad. Whatever parents disapprove of when the individual is a child later becomes the conscience - the ego-ideal: rules for what is good behavior. Comes from whatever the parents approve of. Overall, beliefs about right and wrong come from what parents reward and punish. |
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What are the things that propel Freud’s dynamic theory of personality? |
Instincts: innate psychological wish to fulfill a bodily need |
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What are the things that propel Freud’s dynamic theory of personality? |
Instincts: innate psychological wish to fulfill a bodily need |
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What are the two types of instincts in Freud’s dynamic theory of personality? |
- Eros: life instincts; serve the purpose of survival (hunger, thirst, and sex) - Thanatos: death instincts; an unconscious wish for death |
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What are the things that propel Freud’s dynamic theory of personality? |
Instincts: innate psychological wish to fulfill a bodily need |
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What are the two types of instincts in Freud’s dynamic theory of personality? |
- Eros: life instincts; serve the purpose of survival (hunger, thirst, and sex) - Thanatos: death instincts; an unconscious wish for death |
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What is the name of the energy through which the life instincts (Thanatos) fulfill their desires? |
Libido |
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What are the things that propel Freud’s dynamic theory of personality? |
Instincts: innate psychological wish to fulfill a bodily need |
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What are the two types of instincts in Freud’s dynamic theory of personality? |
- Eros: life instincts; serve the purpose of survival (hunger, thirst, and sex) - Thanatos: death instincts; an unconscious wish for death |
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What is the name of the energy through which the life instincts (Thanatos) fulfill their desires? |
Libido |
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Defense Mechanisms - what are they and what are their two common characteristics? |
The way that the ego releases excessive pressures due to anxiety 1- they deny, falsify, or distort reality 2- they operate unconsciously |
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What are the things that propel Freud’s dynamic theory of personality? |
Instincts: innate psychological wish to fulfill a bodily need |
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What are the two types of instincts in Freud’s dynamic theory of personality? |
- Eros: life instincts; serve the purpose of survival (hunger, thirst, and sex) - Thanatos: death instincts; an unconscious wish for death |
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What is the name of the energy through which the life instincts (Thanatos) fulfill their desires? |
Libido |
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Defense Mechanisms - what are they and what are their two common characteristics? |
The way that the ego releases excessive pressures due to anxiety 1- they deny, falsify, or distort reality 2- they operate unconsciously |
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What are the eight main defense mechanisms and their descriptions? |
- Repression: the unconscious forgetting of anxiety producing memories - Suppression: more deliberate, conscious form of forgetting these memories - Projection: attributing our own forbidden urges to others; eg thinking “I hate my uncle” may cause too much anxiety so the person switches it to “my uncle hates me” - Reaction formation: a repressed wish is expressed as its opposite; eg if a boy is punished for hating and being mean to his brother, he may start showering the brother with affection - Rationalization: developing a socially acceptable explanation for inappropriate behavior or thoughts - Regression: reverting to an earlier stage of development in response to a traumatic event - Sublimation: transforming unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors - Displacement: shifting your instincts from a socially unacceptable target to a socially acceptable target |
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Carl Jung: discuss his beliefs on the libido and the conscious and unconscious mind |
- libido: a psychic energy in general (not specific to sexuality like Freud thought) - conscious mind: the ego - the unconscious mind: two parts: — the personal unconscious (like Freud’s idea of the unconscious) — the collective unconscious: shared by all humans and considered to be a residue of the experiences of our early ancestors. Eg the images of having a mother and a father |
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Carl Jung: discuss his beliefs on the libido and the conscious and unconscious mind |
- libido: a psychic energy in general (not specific to sexuality like Freud thought) - conscious mind: the ego - the unconscious mind: two parts: — the personal unconscious (like Freud’s idea of the unconscious) — the collective unconscious: shared by all humans and considered to be a residue of the experiences of our early ancestors. Eg the images of having a mother and a father |
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Archetypes: what, which theorist, and what are some of the major archetypes by this theorist? |
The images in the collective unconscious, according to Jung’s theory. It’s a thought or image that has an emotional element. - persona: adoption of a social role that has proved useful throughout history - anima: helps us to understand feminine gender - animus: helps us to understand masculine gender - shadow: the animal instincts that remain after humans evolved from lower forms of life; the socially disapproved of thoughts, feelings, and actions - self: the person’s striving for unity between the collective unconscious and the conscious; viewed the mandala (“magic circle”) as the mythic expression of the self |
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Carl Jung: discuss his beliefs on the libido and the conscious and unconscious mind |
- libido: a psychic energy in general (not specific to sexuality like Freud thought) - conscious mind: the ego - the unconscious mind: two parts: — the personal unconscious (like Freud’s idea of the unconscious) — the collective unconscious: shared by all humans and considered to be a residue of the experiences of our early ancestors. Eg the images of having a mother and a father |
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Archetypes: what, which theorist, and what are some of the major archetypes by this theorist? |
The images in the collective unconscious, according to Jung’s theory. It’s a thought or image that has an emotional element. - persona: adoption of a social role that has proved useful throughout history - anima: helps us to understand feminine gender - animus: helps us to understand masculine gender - shadow: the animal instincts that remain after humans evolved from lower forms of life; the socially disapproved of thoughts, feelings, and actions - self: the person’s striving for unity between the collective unconscious and the conscious; viewed the mandala (“magic circle”) as the mythic expression of the self |
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What were Jung’s two major orientations of personality? |
- extroversion: orientation toward the external, objective world - introversion: orientation toward the internal, subjective world — believed that both orientations are present and opposing each other in the personality, though normally one is dominant |
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What were the four psychological functions according to Jung? |
Thinking, feeling, sensing, intuiting - typically one of these four is more differentiated than the other three |
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Describe generally Alfred Adler’s theory of personality |
Immediate social imperatives of family and society and their effects on unconscious factors. Striving towards superiority drives personality. Inferiority complex. - when the striving is socially oriented (leads to benefiting other people) it enhances the personality - when the striving is selfish it creates personality disorders |
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Describe generally Alfred Adler’s theory of personality |
Immediate social imperatives of family and society and their effects on unconscious factors. Striving towards superiority drives personality. Inferiority complex. - when the striving is socially oriented (leads to benefiting other people) it enhances the personality - when the striving is selfish it creates personality disorders |
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Creative self: what, which theorist, which theory |
- Alfred Adler’s theory of personality - the force by which each individual shapes her own uniqueness and makes her own personality |
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Describe generally Alfred Adler’s theory of personality |
Immediate social imperatives of family and society and their effects on unconscious factors. Striving towards superiority drives personality. Inferiority complex. - when the striving is socially oriented (leads to benefiting other people) it enhances the personality - when the striving is selfish it creates personality disorders |
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Creative self: what, which theorist, which theory |
- Alfred Adler’s theory of personality - the force by which each individual shapes her own uniqueness and makes her own personality |
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Style of life: what, which theorist, which personality? What environment is crucial to molding it? |
- manifestation of the creative self; describes a person’s unique way of achieving superiority - Family environment |
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Describe generally Alfred Adler’s theory of personality |
Immediate social imperatives of family and society and their effects on unconscious factors. Striving towards superiority drives personality. Inferiority complex. - when the striving is socially oriented (leads to benefiting other people) it enhances the personality - when the striving is selfish it creates personality disorders |
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Creative self: what, which theorist, which theory |
- Alfred Adler’s theory of personality - the force by which each individual shapes her own uniqueness and makes her own personality |
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Style of life: what, which theorist, which personality? What environment is crucial to molding it? |
- Alfred Adler - manifestation of the creative self; describes a person’s unique way of achieving superiority - Family environment |
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Fictional finalism: what, which theorist and theory |
- Alfred Adler’s theory of personality - the notion that an individual is more motivated by her expectations of the future than by past experiences. Adler believed that human goals are based on a subjective estimate of life’s values rather than objective data from the past |
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Summarize the differing theories of personality put forth by Freud, Jung, and Adler |
Freud: behavior is motivated by inborn instincts Jung: ... governed by inborn archetypes Adler: ... striving for superiority |
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Describe Karen Horney’s theory of neurotic personality |
Governed by one of ten needs, each directed towards making life and interactions bearable. |
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Describe Karen Horney’s theory of neurotic personality |
Governed by one of ten needs, each directed towards making life and interactions bearable. |
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What are three examples of the neurotic needs in Karen Horney’s theory of neurotic personality? What are the four ways that the neurotic needs differ from the healthy needs? |
- the need for affection/approval; the need to exploit others; the need for self sufficiency and independence - disproportionate in intensity, indiscriminate in application, partially disregard reality, have a tendency to provoke intense anxiety |
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Describe Karen Horney’s theory of neurotic personality |
Governed by one of ten needs, each directed towards making life and interactions bearable. |
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What are three examples of the neurotic needs in Karen Horney’s theory of neurotic personality? What are the four ways that the neurotic needs differ from the healthy needs? |
- the need for affection/approval; the need to exploit others; the need for self sufficiency and independence - disproportionate in intensity, indiscriminate in application, partially disregard reality, have a tendency to provoke intense anxiety |
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What is the basic concept behind Karen Horney’s theory and at what point in the lifespan does it begin? |
- basic anxiety - begins in childhood; when the child feels anxious, the child either moves away from the person/thing, towards it, or fights it. Healthy people use all three childhood to adulthood but neurotic children rigidly stick to only one way |
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Founder of ego psychology and what is ego psychology |
- Anna Freud - psychotherapy directly investigating the conscious ego and it’s relation to the world, to the subconscious, and to the superego |
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Founder of ego psychology and what is ego psychology |
- Anna Freud - psychotherapy directly investigating the conscious ego and it’s relation to the world, to the subconscious, and to the superego |
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Erik Erickson: what was his contribution to psychoanalysis? What kind of psychologist was he in this regard? |
- ego psychologist - extended psychoanalysis to the psychosocial realm; expanded Freud’s stages to the whole lifespan, showed how negative events or conflicts could have positive effects on the adult personality |
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Founder of ego psychology and what is ego psychology |
- Anna Freud - psychotherapy directly investigating the conscious ego and it’s relation to the world, to the subconscious, and to the superego |
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Erik Erickson: what was his contribution to psychoanalysis? What kind of psychologist was he in this regard? |
- ego psychologist - extended psychoanalysis to the psychosocial realm; expanded Freud’s stages to the whole lifespan, showed how negative events or conflicts could have positive effects on the adult personality |
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What is object relations theory? |
- a kind of psychodynamic theory of personality - “object” = the symbolic representation of a significant part of the child’s personality - studying the creation and development of these internalized objects in young children |
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Psychoanalysis: what and which theorist |
- Freud - an intensive, long-term treatment for uncovering repressed memories, motives, and conflicts stemming from problems in psychosexual development |
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What is object relations theory? |
- a kind of psychodynamic theory of personality - “object” = the symbolic representation of a significant part of the child’s personality - studying the creation and development of these internalized objects in young children |
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Psychoanalysis: what and which theorist |
- Freud - an intensive, long-term treatment for uncovering repressed memories, motives, and conflicts stemming from problems in psychosexual development |
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Discuss/define hypnosis, free association, dream interpretation, resistance, transference, and countertransference; whose theory were they from? |
- Freud - hypnosis: what Freud used early in the development of psychoanalysis to free repressed thoughts - free association: client says anything that comes to mind; analyst and patient reconstruct the original conflict - dream interpretation: in order to understand their subconscious conflicts; believed that defenses are down when the person is asleep - resistance: inability to or unwillingness to relate to certain thoughts, experiences, etc.; missing a session, forgetting dreams, etc. - transference: the client attributes to the therapist attributes they had towards significant others in the past - countertransference: the therapist having feelings about the client |
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What is object relations theory? |
- a kind of psychodynamic theory of personality - “object” = the symbolic representation of a significant part of the child’s personality - studying the creation and development of these internalized objects in young children |
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Psychoanalysis: what and which theorist |
- Freud - an intensive, long-term treatment for uncovering repressed memories, motives, and conflicts stemming from problems in psychosexual development |
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Discuss/define hypnosis, free association, dream interpretation, resistance, transference, and countertransference; whose theory were they from? |
- Freud - hypnosis: what Freud used early in the development of psychoanalysis to free repressed thoughts - free association: client says anything that comes to mind; analyst and patient reconstruct the original conflict - dream interpretation: in order to understand their subconscious conflicts; believed that defenses are down when the person is asleep - resistance: inability to or unwillingness to relate to certain thoughts, experiences, etc.; missing a session, forgetting dreams, etc. - transference: the client attributes to the therapist attributes they had towards significant others in the past - countertransference: the therapist having feelings about the client |
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Neo-Freudian approaches |
Put more emphasis on current interpersonal relationships and life situations than on childhood experience and psychosexual development |
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John Dollard and Neal Miller |
Blended psychoanalytic concepts in a behavioral learning theory approach |
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Vicarious reinforcement: what and which theorist and overall theory? |
- Albert Bandura, behaviorism - learning occurs not only by having one’s own behavior reinforced (like Skinner believes) but also by seeing other people’s behaviors be reinforced |
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Martin Seligman |
Did a famous study on learned helplessness. He shocked the floor below dogs when there were high walls. Eventually they stopped jumping and even stayed put when he changed it to short walls. Generalized to apply also to human depression and external locus of control |
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What kinds of issues has behavior therapy proved to be successful in treating? |
Phobias, impulse control problems, and personal care maintenance for people with intellectual disabilities and hospitalized psychotic patients |
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What does cognitive behavior therapy aim to do? |
Change and restructure the client’s distorted and/or irrational thoughts |
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What happens in Aaron Beck’s cognitive therapy for depression? |
The client may write down irrational thoughts about her/himself, figure out why they’re unjustified, and come up with more realistic less self-destructive thoughts |
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What happens in Aaron Beck’s cognitive therapy for depression? |
The client may write down irrational thoughts about her/himself, figure out why they’re unjustified, and come up with more realistic less self-destructive thoughts |
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What kind of therapy is Albert Ellis’s rational-emotive therapy? What is the basic assumption and what happens during a therapy session? |
- cognitive behavioral therapy - basic assumption is that people develop irrational ways of thinking - therapist may challenge the irrational belief and help them to change it to a more rational one |
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What happens in Aaron Beck’s cognitive therapy for depression? |
The client may write down irrational thoughts about her/himself, figure out why they’re unjustified, and come up with more realistic less self-destructive thoughts |
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What kind of therapy is Albert Ellis’s rational-emotive therapy? What is the basic assumption and what happens during a therapy session? |
- cognitive behavioral therapy - basic assumption is that people develop irrational ways of thinking - therapist may challenge the irrational belief and help them to change it to a more rational one |
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Symptom substitution |
According to psychotherapy New symptoms (or thoughts and feelings) need to replace the old bad ones because that’s how you know the root cause of these symptoms has chsnged |
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Kurt Lewin’s field theory |
Views personality as dynamic and constantly changing; said the personality can be divided up into ever- changing regions, or “systems.” Under optimal conditions the systems work well together and are integrated; when the person is anxious the systems don’t communicate well together - focuses on current behaviors and thought processes, not early developmental factors - heavily influenced by Gestalt psychology |
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Type A and type B personalities; and what kind of theory is it? |
- type theory - type A = competitive and compulsive - type B = laid-back and relaxed |
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Raymond Cattell |
A trait theorist who used factor analysis to study personality; identified 16 basic traits, or relatively permanent reaction tendencies in individuals, that make up personality |
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Hans Eysenck; what was his general accomplishment and what were the three dimensions he found? |
Used factor analysis to determine that the broad dimensions of personality were types followed by more specific traits Found three dimensions of personality: Extroversion v. Introversion Emotional stability v. Neuroticism Psychoticism |
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Abraham Maslow’s theory; also self-actualization; what kind of theorist |
- humanist - hierarchy of human needs, most basic at bottom and self-actualization at the top; said most people don’t achieve self actualization |
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Peak experiences |
In Maslow’s theory: self-actualized people have these experiences - profound and deeply moving experiences that have important and lasting effects on the individual |
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George Kelly’s theory |
The individual predicts and tests behaviors of significant people in his/her life - the anxious person is one who has difficulty constructing and understanding the variables in his/her environment |
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What did George Kelly believe should happen in psychotherapy? |
Process of the individual getting new constructs that help them predict troublesome events. Then the individual can direct these constructs into already existing constructs |
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Humanistic-existential therapies |
Emphasize the process of finding meaning in ones life by making ones own choices; mental disorders are viewed as stemming from problems of alienation, depersonalization, loneliness, and a lack of meaningful existence |
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What kind of psychologist is Carl Rogers? What kind of a personality theory does he have? |
- humanistic psychologist - phenomenological |
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What is Carl Rogers’ therapy known as? Describe it. What kind of emotional thing does the therapist show toward the client? |
- client-centered therapy/non directive therapy; belief that people have the freedom to control their own behavior and aren’t slaves to their unconscious (psychoanalysis) nor faulty learning (behaviorists); the person can reflect on their problems and take action to change their destiny - unconditional positive regard; to help person have the person who they are and the person thy want to be be as close as possible |
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Viktor Frankl |
Says that mental illness stems from a life devoid of meaning |
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Type theorists Trait theorists |
Type: characterize people according to specific types of personality Trait: try to find fundamental dimensions of personality |
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Kurt Lewin’s field theory |
Views personality as dynamic and constantly changing; said the personality can be divided up into ever- changing regions, or “systems.” Under optimal conditions the systems work well together and are integrated; when the person is anxious the systems don’t communicate well together - focuses on current behaviors and thought processes, not early developmental factors - heavily influenced by Gestalt psychology |
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Type A and type B personalities; and what kind of theory is it? |
- type theory - type A = competitive and compulsive - type B = laid-back and relaxed |
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Raymond Cattell |
A trait theorist who used factor analysis to study personality; identified 16 basic traits, or relatively permanent reaction tendencies in individuals, that make up personality |
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Hans Eysenck; what was his general accomplishment and what were the three dimensions he found? |
Used factor analysis to determine that the broad dimensions of personality were types followed by more specific traits Found three dimensions of personality: Extroversion v. Introversion Emotional stability v. Neuroticism Psychoticism |
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Abraham Maslow’s theory; also self-actualization; what kind of theorist |
- humanist - hierarchy of human needs, most basic at bottom and self-actualization at the top; said most people don’t achieve self actualization |
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Peak experiences |
In Maslow’s theory: self-actualized people have these experiences - profound and deeply moving experiences that have important and lasting effects on the individual |
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George Kelly’s theory |
The individual predicts and tests behaviors of significant people in his/her life - the anxious person is one who has difficulty constructing and understanding the variables in his/her environment |
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What did George Kelly believe should happen in psychotherapy? |
Process of the individual getting new constructs that help them predict troublesome events. Then the individual can direct these constructs into already existing constructs |
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Humanistic-existential therapies |
Emphasize the process of finding meaning in ones life by making ones own choices; mental disorders are viewed as stemming from problems of alienation, depersonalization, loneliness, and a lack of meaningful existence |
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What kind of psychologist is Carl Rogers? What kind of a personality theory does he have? |
- humanistic psychologist - phenomenological |
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What is Carl Rogers’ therapy known as? Describe it. What kind of emotional thing does the therapist show toward the client? |
- client-centered therapy/non directive therapy; belief that people have the freedom to control their own behavior and aren’t slaves to their unconscious (psychoanalysis) nor faulty learning (behaviorists); the person can reflect on their problems and take action to change their destiny - unconditional positive regard; to help person have the person who they are and the person thy want to be be as close as possible |
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Viktor Frankl |
Says that mental illness stems from a life devoid of meaning |
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Type theorists Trait theorists |
Type: characterize people according to specific types of personality Trait: try to find fundamental dimensions of personality |
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What were the three basic types of traits that Gordon Allport thought of? |
- cardinal: a trait someone organizes their life around; eg mother Teresa and helping; not everyone has one - Central: major parts of ones personality which are easy to infer - secondary: more personal characteristics that are limited in occurrence |
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What were the three basic types of traits that Gordon Allport thought of? |
- cardinal: a trait someone organizes their life around; eg mother Teresa and helping; not everyone has one - Central: major parts of ones personality which are easy to infer - secondary: more personal characteristics that are limited in occurrence |
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Functional autonomy- what and which theorist |
Gordon Allport; when you start off doing something for a different purpose you may end up doing it for its own enjoyment (eg hunt for food and fun) |
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What are the two approaches to personality that Gordon Allport distinguished between? Which did he prefer |
- idiographic- focus on individual case studies - nomothetic- focuses on groups of individuals and tries to find commonalities between them He insisted people should use the idiographic approach |
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What are the two approaches to personality that Gordon Allport distinguished between? Which did he prefer |
- idiographic- focus on individual case studies - nomothetic- focuses on groups of individuals and tries to find commonalities between them He insisted people should use the idiographic approach |
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What personality trait did David McClelland identify? |
“The need for achievement” or N-Ach; they don’t go for high nor low risks; set realistic goals and stop striving if success is unlikely |
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Herman Witkin |
Classified people according to their field dependence - one pole is independence - ability to make specific responses to specific stimuli in the field - other pole is field dependence - makes diffuse responses to undifferentiated stimuli in the environment; more influenced by others opinions |
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Internal and external locus of control - theorist, how it relates to self esteem |
- Julian Rotter - high self esteem = attribute success to internal and failure to external; vice versa for low self esteem |
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Herman Witkin |
Classified people according to their field dependence - one pole is independence - ability to make specific responses to specific stimuli in the field - other pole is field dependence - makes diffuse responses to undifferentiated stimuli in the environment; more influenced by others opinions |
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Internal and external locus of control - theorist, how it relates to self esteem |
- Julian Rotter - high self esteem = attribute success to internal and failure to external; vice versa for low self esteem |
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“Machiavellian” personality traits |
Someone who is manipulative and deceitful |
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Herman Witkin |
Classified people according to their field dependence - one pole is independence - ability to make specific responses to specific stimuli in the field - other pole is field dependence - makes diffuse responses to undifferentiated stimuli in the environment; more influenced by others opinions |
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Internal and external locus of control - theorist, how it relates to self esteem |
- Julian Rotter - high self esteem = attribute success to internal and failure to external; vice versa for low self esteem |
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“Machiavellian” personality traits |
Someone who is manipulative and deceitful |
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Androgeny; whose theory of personality does it relate to? |
- Sandra Bem - when people have high scores on femininity and masculinity in personality traits |
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Walter Mischel |
Disagreed with categorizing personalities in terms of types and traits; believed that behavior is moreso determined by the characteristics of the situation than by the person |
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How does the DSM-5 define each psych disorder? Does it list "neurosis" as a category of mental disorders? Why or why not? |
- It defines them in terms of atheoretical descriptions of symptmoms of the various disorders - Does not list "neurosis" b/c that's a theoretical term derived from psychoanalytic theory |
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What is a difference between the DSM-IV and DSM-5? |
The DSM-IV-TR used a multiaxial assessment system, which was not included in the DSM-5 |
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Walter Mischel’s criticism of personality theories |
Says that personality is determined by characteristics of the situation, not consistent types or traits |
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How does the DSM5 describe each mental disorder? Does it include “neurosis” why or why not? |
Atheoretical descriptions of symptoms Doesn’t consider neurosis a category of mental disorder bc it’s a theoretical term derived from psychoanalytic theory |
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Difference between the DSM5 and DSM-IV |
DSM-IV used a multiracial assessment system |
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Neurodevelopmental disorders: what are they, when do they develop and what do they include? |
Disorders linked to the development of the nervous system Typically first appear during infancy childhood or adolescence Learning and communication disorders, ADD, and autism |
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ADHD |
Inattention, impulsivity-hyperactivity |
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Autism spectrum |
A range of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairment in social skills and communication skills and repetitive behaviors Individuals are inflexibly routines and stereotyped; over sensitive to stimuli |
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Tourette’s disorder |
Multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics |
