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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Departments, agencies, bureaus, and offices that perform the functions of government
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bureaucracy
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Hierarchical structure of authority in which command flows downward, typical of a bureaucracy
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chain of command
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division of work among many specialized workers in a bureaucracy
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division of labor
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treatment of all persons within a bureaucracy on the basis of "merit" and of all "clients" served by the bureacracy equally according to the rules
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impersonality
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development by the federal bureaucracy of procedures and activities to carry out policies legislated by Congress; it includes regulation as well as adjudication
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implementation
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development by the federal bureaucracy of formal rules for implementing legislation
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regulation
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decision making by the federal bureaucracy as to whether or not an individual or organization has complied with or violated government laws and/or regulations
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adjudication
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bureaucrats' tendencies to expand their agencies' budgets, staff, and authority
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budget maximization
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budgeted funds not ear-marked for specific purposes but available to be spent in accordance with the best judgement of a bureacrat
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discretionary funds
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Selection of employees for government agencies on the basis of party loyalty, electoral support, and political influences
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spoils system
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selection of employees for government agencies on the basis of competence, with no consideration of an individual's political stance and/or power
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merit system
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employee of the federal government or of a firm supplying the government who reports waste, mismanagement, and/or fraud by a government agency or contractor
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whistle-blower
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yearly government accounting period, not necessarily the same as the calendar year. The federal government' fiscal year begins October 1 and ends September 30
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fiscal year
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congressional bill setting forth target budget figures for appropriations to various government departments and agencies
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budget resolution
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act of Congress that establishes a government program and defines the amount of money it may spend
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authorization
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congressional bill that provides money for programs authorized by Congress
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appropriations act
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feature of some appropriations acts by which an agency is empowered to enter into contracts that will require the government to make payments beyond the fiscal year in question
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obligational authority
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actual dollar amounts to be spent by the federal government in a fiscal year
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outlays
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congressional bill that authorizes government agencies to keep spending money for a specified period at the same level as in the pervious fiscal year; passed when Congress is unable to enact final appropriations measures by October 1
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continuing resolution
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method of budgeting that focuses on requested increases in funding for existing programs, accepting as legitimate their previous years expenditures
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incremental budgeting
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method of budgeting that demands justification for the entire budget request of an agency, not just its requested increase in funding
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zero-based budgeting
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identifying items in a budget according to the functions and programs they are to be spent on
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program budgeting
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theory describing how some regulated industries come to benefit from government regulation and how some regulatory comissions come to represent the industries they are supposed to regulate rather than representing "the people."
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capture theory of regulation
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lifting of government rules and bureaucratic supervision from business and professional activity
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deregulation
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services performed by legislators and their staffs on behalf of individual constituents
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casework
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