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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Industrial Revolution? |
Mechanization of making of goods - machines |
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What does the Agricultural Revolution set the stage for? |
Industrial Revolution - gives us what is needed to start |
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What was the cause for the enclosure movement? |
Poor families forced to sell their land, making them and their families move to city and become homeless and unemployed |
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What was needed after the poor families sold their land? |
More laborers |
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What happened soon after the selling of land? |
Farmers put up hedges around their land and the poor became laborers - began to experiment more with land |
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What is crop rotation? |
New style of farming
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What does crop rotation do? |
Farmers grow different things in each piece of land |
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What was the new style of breeding? |
Selective breeding |
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What is selective breeding? What did this increase? |
Make sure strongest bull goes with strongest cow - increasing food amounts |
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What are the three factors of production? |
1. Land 2. Labor 3. Capital |
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What was the importance of the factors of production? |
Must have these things in order to industrialize - not every country can industrialize |
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What does "land" entail (part of factors of production)? |
Resources - ex. coal, water, energy, resources, transportation |
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What is "capital" (part of factors of production)? |
Money |
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Who is the first country to industrialize? |
Britain |
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Who is an entrepreneur? |
Someone who takes a risk (usually big financially) that turns into big industry |
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What is global inequality? |
Not every country is able to industrialize |
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What is the textile industry? |
First industry to industrialize/mechanize - sells cloth |
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What does the flying shuttle do? |
Makes cloth much more quickly (used by hand) |
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What is the problem with the flying shuttle? What is created to help end this problem? |
Run out of thread because they are going through it at a remarkable pace - create the spinning Jenny |
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What does the Spinning Jenny do? |
Takes cotton and spins it into multiple spools at a time - making thread faster |
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What is the water frame? |
Helps move inventions faster without man power |
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Who created the steam engine? What was so important about it? |
Created by James Watt - important because first efficient steam engine |
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What does the steam engine do? |
Moves water faster so factories don't have to be by water |
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What is the steam engine also used for? |
Transportation - steam boats to transport goods |
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Where was the first steam boat used? |
Clermont |
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What was another powerful transportation method? |
Railroads - steam power was used here as well |
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What is better about railroads compared to steam boats? |
Railroads can be place anywhere |
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What are macadam roads? |
Roads made of rocks covered by gravel - becoming more like the roads of today |
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What do the macadam roads help move along? |
Industrialization of the nation |
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What does Britain do with it's secrets during the revolution? |
Guard all industrial secrets - just known in Britain |
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Who is Samuel Slater? |
Builds from memory the first spinning machine in U.S. (came from Britain) |
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What are corporations? |
Companies people can invest in by purchasing stocks |
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Why are people interested in investment? |
They can share in the companies profits but don't pay for their debts |
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What does Europe's Industrialization depend on? |
Success on their factors of production |
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What was a big part of the industrialization in Europe? |
Everyone (either in a large or small way) had increased living standards |
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What is capitalism? |
How industrialism feeds itself - means of production are owned privately |
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What is socialism? |
Opposite of capitalism - all resource are state/publicly owned by government, operated for everyone's benefit |
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What is the statement often associated with socialism? |
"sounds good on paper" - because not everyone is perfect/the same |
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What is utilitarianism? |
Concept where the "greatest amount of good is done for the greatest amount of people" |
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What do people who are optimistic of human nature believe about socialism? |
They believe that socialism CAN work |
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What did Karl Marx "prescribe"? |
A more complete/radical form of socialism known as Communism |
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Where does Karl Marx write about his feeling about Communism? |
In his book "Communist Manifesto" |
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What did Karl Marx believe life really was? |
A battle between the social classes of the civilized world |
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WHo are the bourgeoisie? |
Upper class; people who owned factories and factors of production; controlled wealth |
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Who are the proletariat? |
Lower class; laborers in society |
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What did Marx believe would happen between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat? |
P would rise up over B and control factors of production - leading to everything being commonly held (belonging to the people) |
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What is the main idea of Communism? |
Everyone in society contributes as much as they can and take what they need |
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What are unions? |
Another Economic theory |
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What do unions begin to become? |
Money making machines by giving workers rights |
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What was a tactic often used by unions? |
Strike |
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What is strike? |
Work stoppage - used when irritated or to gain rights |
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What is the Factory Act of 1833? Where did it begin? |
Started in England (by unions) - protected women and children in workplace (passed by Parliament) |
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What kind of rights were given to women and children in the Factory Act of 1833? |
Limited hours and age restrictions (for children) |
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Who developed the Germ Theory of Disease? |
French Chemist Louis Pasteur in mid-1800's |
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What else was discovered by Louis Pasteur? |
Alcohol killed bacteria and bacteria was the cause of diseases |
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How many patients did Joseph Lister help save? |
85% of his patients |
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What did Joseph Lister do? |
Helped keep hospitals clean |
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What were many cities at this time able to complete? |
Building of plumbing and sewer systems |
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What else were doctors able to create? |
Vaccines for diseases - caused a long, healthier life |
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What did Albert Einstein offer new ideas for? |
Space, time, energy and matter |
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What did Einstein theorize? |
Speed of light is constant but other things such as space and time are not |
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What is the Theory of Relativity? |
Space and time can change when measured relative to an object moving near the speed of light |
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What replaced Isaac Newton's belief that the world operates to the absolute laws of motion and gravity? |
Uncertainty and relativity - since Einsteins implications changed how people viewed the world |
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What did Sigmund Freud construct? |
A theory about the human mind |
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What is Sigmund Freud theory? |
Believes much of human nature is irrational; such as unconscuiousness |
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What did Freud's ideas do to society? |
Weakened their faith in reason |
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What are some modern social sciences? |
Archaeology, anthropology and sociology |
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What was the most important new science? |
Psychology |
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What did Ivan Pavlov believe? |
Human actions were unconscious reactions to experiences |
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What were some changes because of mass culture? |
Demand for leisure and enjoyment and people gravitated towards music, sports and movies |
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When did theaters become popular? |
1910 became booming |
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When did the Olympics start and where? |
1896 in Athens - started because people began to play more and more sports |
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Who is Charles Darwin? |
English naturalist who caused controversy |
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What is Social Darwinism? |
The ideas that who are less fit to reproduce should not be allowed to - Nazi adapted this into their Aryan race (blonde hair, blue eyes) |
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What is the Theory of Evolution? |
Every species came from earlier forms over time |
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Who created the ideas of genetics? |
Gregor Mendel - father of genetics |
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What is the Atomic Theory? |
All matter is composed of super small particles |
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What did Mendeleev do? |
Organized atoms |
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What did the Curies do? |
Discovered new elements as well as radioactivity |
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What did Ernest Rutherford discover? |
Subatomic particles |
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What was the fueling advances in machinery? |
Coal to gasoline to electric powered generators |
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What did Edison find? |
1,000 inventions including the lightbulb and phonograph |
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What did Ford create? |
Gasoline engine to power a vehicle - the automobile |
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What did the Wright brothers find? |
Flight/planes/flying |
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What did Bell and Marconi find? |
Telephone - new form of communication |
