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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the main thing that happens during the Enlightenment? |
People begin to question the world around them |
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Who is James I? |
Comes to power after Elizabeth I - ruler of both England and Scottland |
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Who did the Puritans dislike? |
Anglican Church |
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Because of the Puritans dislike of the Anglican Church, what do they wish to do about it? |
Want to purify the Anglican Church of all Catholic views |
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What causes people to dislike James I? |
He refuses to make changes to the Anglican Church |
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Who is Charles I? |
Comes to power after James (his son) |
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What is something Charles I is well known for? |
Being short of money |
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Because Charles I is always short of money, what does he wish to do about it? What is standing in his way? |
Wants to put down taxes but must ask Parliament - Parliament refuses to give him money because England doesn't like him |
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What is Charles' retaliation to Parliament? |
Dissolves Parliament because they won't give him money |
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What is the Petition of Right? When was it first brought up? |
First brought up when Charles undissolves Parliament - Parliament makes Charles sign it so that he knows that they must help in the making of decisions |
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What happens as a result of Parliament forcing Charles to sign the Petition of Right? |
He redissolves Parliament and increases the fine and fees of the people |
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Who attempts religious consolidation? Why? |
Charles I - because both countries were protestant but different kinds |
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What happens as a result of religious consolidation? |
Scots threaten to invade/attack - Charles asks Parliament for money for war |
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What does Charles I do when Parliament won't give him money for war? |
He begins to arrest members of Parliament for trying to limit monarch power |
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Who fights in the English Civil War? |
Cavaliers vs. Roundheads |
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Who are the Cavaliers? |
Loyalists to Royals |
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Who are the Roundheads? |
Ones who are anti-monarchy (caused by Charles I arresting members of Parliament) |
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Who is the leader of the Roundheads? |
Oliver Cromwell |
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After Oliver Cromwell kills Charles I what does he plan to do? |
Create a common wealth and republic |
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What does Cromwell actually do? |
Create military dicatorship |
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Where does the power go after the death of Cromwell? |
Charles II (son of Charles I) - restores monarchy |
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Who creates habeus corpes? |
Charles II |
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What does habeus corpes state? |
Need specific charges against you before you are imprisoned |
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Who is James II? |
Comes to power after death of Charles II (his son) |
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What is the cause of people not liking James II? |
He was a Catholic King in a protestant nation |
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What happens as a result of people disliking James? |
They ask his daughter Mary (who is a protestant) to come to power (she accepts) |
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What is the cause of the Glorious Revolution? |
James runs away and Mary, with her husband William, come to power with no blood shed |
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What do William and Mary create? |
Constitutional monarchy - monarchy by the will of the people - also create the English Bill of Rights |
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What is the cause of the Scientific Revolution |
People begin to question everything around them in the natural world |
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What is the geocentric theory? |
Means Earth is in the middle of the universe - what is believed before the revolution |
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What helps to broaden the idea of the geocentric theory? |
People beginning to observe and question what they've been told - begins with observations of the stars |
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Who is Nicolaus Copernicus? |
Find heliocentric theory and publishes his theories on his death bed - causing people to take interest and observe his theories |
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Why did Copernicus publish his theories so late? |
He didn't want the Church to banish him for questioning their theories |
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What does Johannes Kepler find? |
That the Earth ellipses around the sun - we do not go around in a circle |
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Who supports Copernicus and publishes his own ideas based off of them? |
Galileo Galilei |
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What happens as a result of Galileo publishing his ideas? |
He is threatening the Church so the Church puts him on house arrest so his ideas don't spread |
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What is the Scientific Method? |
1. Question 2. Hypothesis 3. Experiment 4. Analysis 5. Conclusions |
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Who created the Scientific Method? |
Francis Bacon |
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What does Renee DeCarte want people to do? |
Have people think about the world around them and have a free sharing of ideas without feeling threatened |
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Who is Isaac Newton? |
Created idea of universal gravitation - every object has a gravitational pull based on its mass/density |
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What does Zacharius Janssen create? |
The microscope - helped to see the building blocks of human life |
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What does Anton von Leeowenhoek find? |
Bacteria - helps find diseases |
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What do Fahrenheit and Celsius find? |
Temperature scales |
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What does Andreas Vesalius find? |
Anatomy - how body operates |
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What does Edward Jenner do? |
Experiment with vaccinations |
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What is the Enlightenment? |
Looking at how we can make the world a better place - institutions and lives |
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Who is Thomas Hobbes? |
Finds the social contract (why doesn't government exist?); looks at human nature (what is man like) |
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What did Thomas Hobbes believe about humans? |
We were wicked and selfish at the core (natural element) - therefore we needed someone to help control us and make our lives better |
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What did Hobbes believe would help humans outgrow their wickedness? |
A powerful ruler (monarchy) |
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What is the Leviathan? What does it say? |
Book written by Hobbes explaining his government ideas - literally means "large all powerful sea creature" |
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Who is John Locke? |
Believed in concept of natural rights (rights that can't be taken away; given to us as humans) |
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Who does Locke believe should protect these rights? |
The governement |
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What did Locke believe humans were like? |
We were rational and self improving (reasonable and thinkers) |
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What does Locke say we can do if the government does not protect our rights? |
We can revolt |
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Who are Philosophes? |
Philosophers - thinkers of the Enlightenment |
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What did philosophes do? |
Applied rational thought (reason) to all aspects of life |
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What was questioned about nature? |
What was life like before humans existed? |
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What was questioned about happiness? |
How can we make people happy? |
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What was questioned about progress? |
How can we move society forward for everyone? |
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What was questioned about liberty? |
Freedom |
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Who is Voltaire? |
First philoshope (French) - often used sarcasm and talked about political officials - FREEDOM OF SPEECH |
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Who is Baron de Montesquieu? |
Looked ato government and found need of government that has not too much power - found a separation of powers |
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Who is John Jacques Rousseau? |
He considered government rationally - believed in a different social contract at the will of the people
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What does Rousseau feel is the most important? |
Human freedoms and liberty |
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Who is Cesare Bonescana Beccaria? |
Studied justice system and believed any punishment should fit the crime - also believed that people shouldn't stay in jail forever |
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What is the main idea that our government got from Beccaria's beliefs? |
No cruel or unusual punishment |
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What was the overall Legacy of the Englightenment? |
Influences later on - people believe that life can improve - gives a secular outlook on life - importance of indivduals |
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What does laissez-faire literally mean? |
"let do" |
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What is laissez-faire basically about? |
Keep your hands off; let things play through - government should |
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Who is Adam Smith? |
First economist |
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Where is Adam Smith from? |
Glasgow, Scotland
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What did Adam Smith believe? |
Laws that governed ecnomics |
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What are the three parts to what Adam Smith believes? |
1. Self interest - let people work for own good (people will succeed to the level they desire to succeed) 2. Competition - some people would compete with one another to make a better product 3. Supply and Demand - enough product causes prices to fall |
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What did Smith base his ideas off of? |
Capitalism |
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What is Capitalism? |
Private ownership of the means of production - individuals can invest their wealth for profit |
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What did Thomas Malthus identify? |
Population of the world was increasing, therefore eventually the population would grow to point where world couldn't feed the population |
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After Malthus made this identification, what did he find out would balance the population? |
War and disease (epidemics) |
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What did David Ricardo find? |
Also found that the population was increasing under supply and demand |
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Why did Ricardo believe that the population increase was a concern? |
More people cause more laborers, making wages decline |
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What is the cause of more laborers/declining wages? |
Permanent underclass |
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What is utilitarianism? |
Concept that greatest amount of good is accomplished for the greatest number of people |
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What did Jeremy Benthan want to create? |
Greatest good for greatest number of people |
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What did Jeremy Benthan believe in? |
Laissez-faire (didn't want government to say how you should run yourself |
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What did John Stuart Mill want to do? |
Distribute wealth/good to the greatest amount of people ***wants government intervention*** |
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What is socialism? |
Where government controls everything and distributes equally; public ownership of means of production |
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What is the problem with socialism? |
People give what they are able and take what they need - therefore there is not motivation to work for what they need if they all get it without working |
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Who is a despote? |
Ruler with absolute power; not a dictatorship but more of a monarchy |
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What is the concept of absolutism? |
Rulers that have complete rule over all aspects of the government |
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What is a czar |
Derives for "Caesar" - also known as an absolute ruler in Russia |
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What is another name for Ivan IV? |
Ivan the Terrible |
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What are some of Ivan IV's greatest accomplishments? |
Made new law code for Russia and expanded the size of Russia |
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What does Russia lack? |
Year round sea ports |
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What causes Ivan IV to feel suspicious for his life? |
After his wife, Anastasia, dies from what he believes to be poisoning he feels that he will soon die from being poisoned |
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Who are the Oprichniki? |
The secret police who found people who were against Ivan IV in his government - feared group in Russia |
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What did this "secret police" cause? |
Russians decide they will elect their rulers after the death of Ivan IV |
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Who is elected as ruler in Russia? |
Michael Romanov |
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What does Michael Romanov start? |
Last royal dynasty in Russia |
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Why is the Romanov Dynasty significant? |
Because it is the last dynasty in Russia before Communists take over |
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Why is the point in time when Peter the Great comes into power significant? |
Comes to power in Russia when the rest of the world considered Russia to be a a backwards society - Enlightenment was just beginning in Europe |
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What is different about Russia then the rest of the world? |
Russia was still running by serfdom (Europe stopped a while ago) - had very little Western influence |
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What is Peter the Great looking to do? |
Modernize Russia |
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What was the purpose of the Grand Embassy? |
To go to Europe to observe their society in order to help make changes in Russia |
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Why does Peter go on with the Grand Embassy? |
So that Russia could be a "player" in the world game |
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What does Peter introduce/change as a result of the Grand Embassy? |
New foods, starts newspapers, raise status of women, order nobles to dress like Western Europeans, made Nobles move |
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Where does Peter make the nobles move and why? |
Move to St. Petersburg because it was closer to the West |
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What is an enlightened despot? |
Someone who is interested in enlightened ideas but doesn't usually act/implement them |
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Who is Frederick the Great? |
Enlightened despot from Prussia |
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What did Frederick the Great consider himself to be? |
Servant of the State (looks out for benefit of the people |
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Who is Joseph II? |
Enlightened despot from Austria |
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What is important about Joseph II? |
He abolished serfdom in Austria (only despot to actually DO something) |
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What happens to serfdom after the death of Joseph II? |
His family restores it |
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Who is Catherine the Great? |
Roman Czar who was an enlightened despot - not a Romanov BUT was married to one |
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Why was Catherine so afraid to make change? |
Afraid she would loose her power |
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Who did Catherine consider herself to be friends with? |
Voltaire |
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What does Catherine set up to help move Russia to being more modern? |
Set up commissions/law codes - meeting to find out how to implement ideas into Russian society |
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What was the cause of these "commissions"? |
Peasant Revolt (because she was trying to change the laws) - Catherine is able to crush the peasant revolt |
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What is the most important of Catherine's accomplishments? |
Conquers Crimea which helps get warm water ports to trade (year-round trading) |
