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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Key Oceans |
- Indian Ocean - Arctic Ocean - Southern Ocean - Pacific Ocean - Atlantic Ocean |
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Smaller Basins |
- Mediterranean - Caribbean - Red Sea - Bering Sea - South China Sea - Gulf of Mexico |
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Continental Slope |
- 4-20 degrees gradient - Cut up by rivers during glaciation, eroding and creating canyons - Moves sediment downslope, helping erode up to km |
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Continental Rise |
- Wide zone extending up to 2000km - Turbidity currents - Indus Cone |
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Sea Mount |
- Peaks pointed more than 1km tall are usually extinct volcanoes - Guyot = Seamount with flattened top, it must have appeared above sea level with wave action fast sinking plained of top |
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Mid Ocean Ridge |
- Long mountain chain: 16,000km extends through all ocean basins - Average height 1.5km can be up to 3km - Shape depends on speed of spreading - Fast: Flatter no axial rift - Slow: Steeper ridge and formation of axial rift - Pillow lavas everywhere |
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Axial Rift Valley |
- Central valley - Tension causes sides to split and crack - Allowing central portion to drop down - Step faults along the side |
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Trenches |
- 1000s of km long but only 150km wide - Deepest part of the oceans |
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Seafloor Spreading |
- Magma rises and the seafloor spreads through a combination of convection and possibly slab pull
- Atlantic the Eurasian plate moves East and the North American plate moves West - Movement is very slow because it is the ridge push only, seafloor spreads magma is able to rise and fill the gap cools Older: Further away from from the axial rift |
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Paleomagnetism |
- Every 300,000 - 500,000 years the magnetic field flips - Mid Ocean Ridge has iron minerals in the rock become orientated - Reversed and non reversed patterns then form in the rocks |
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Temperature and salinity variations at depth |
- Water surface warmest, 200m depth - Equator warmest due to the sun lights shortest distance to travel - Reflection occurs 30% naturally -23% clouds 7% earths surface |
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Pattern of SST |
- Sea surface temperatures more uniform in southern hemisphere than the northern hemisphere - South 80 - 20 Water to Land - North 60 - 40 Water to Land |
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Ocean Currents |
- Water in the oceans circulate and complicates temperature pattern
- Cold water moves to the equator
- Warm water moves to the poles
- Oceans have large impact on climate because they absorb and transfer lots lf heat - Water has high specific heat capacity - Due to the north atlantic drift the UK has temperatures of 6 - 8C |
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Temperature variations with depth |
- Surface temperatures are uniformly higher - Thermocline: temperatures drop rapidly after a certain depth - |
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Temperature variations with depth |
- Surface temperatures are uniformly higher - Thermocline: temperatures drop rapidly after a certain depth - |
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Temperature variations with depth |
- Surface temperatures are uniformly higher
- Thermocline: temperatures drop rapidly after a certain depth
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Deep Water Zone |
- Cold, High Density, Saline Water - Average of less than 4C - Deep water makes up 80% of all water and is important for heat distribution - Water from the Antarctic average temperature -0.4C |
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Variations in Salinity |
- Atlantic salinity is much higher due to the small size of the basin - Salinity is small in areas where the ocean receives regular precipitation - Most salinity in the Antarctic during winter months when the ice freezes extracting freshwater leaving behind salt |
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Warm and Cold Ocean Surface Currents |
- The warmest water stays at the surface least dense water
- Currents are the result of surface movement through wind, landforms, and the coriolis effect - The northern hemisphere has its current rotate clockwise - The southern hemisphere has its current rotate anticlockwise |
