Geog Final Exam

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-Molen rock below the earth's surface, under extremely high pressure and temperatures

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Magma

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Molten rock at the earth's surface

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Lava

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Magma that cools in the earth's crust and forms this:
-Form from cooling magma

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Pluton

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A result of cooling lava

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volcano

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Rock fragments that are cemented together
-Sandstones (sand), Shales (clays), Conglomerates (gravel)

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Clastic Sedimentary rocks

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Rocks made from cemented organism shells, plant materials, etc.
-EX: coal, limestone

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Organic sedimentary rocks

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-Microscopic organisms die and are trapped in marine muds
-85% carbon, 10% hydrogen

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Petroleum

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Igneous rocks can be broken down into sediments that might then form a sedimentary rock, which might undergo metamorphism, only to be worn back again into sediments.
-Recyclying of lithospheric material

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rock cycle

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Theory that continents are in continual motion driven by convection in the earth's mantle
-Explains: occurrence of mountains, volcanoes, earthquakes, sea floor spreading

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Plate tectonics

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-fit of continents
-fossil and rock distributions
-mountain range distributions
-ancient glaciations

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Alfred Wegener's evidence for plate tectonics

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-The plate is splitting

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Rifting

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-Plates slide past one another

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transform boundary

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Earth's mountain types are formed from:

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1. continental to continental collisions
2. subduction and volcanoes
3. hotspot volcanic activities

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-midocean ridges are formed by currents of magma rising up from the mantle; volcanic eruptions create new basaltic ocean floor, that then spreads away laterally from the ridge

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sea floor spreading

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-tectonic activity
-The earth's crust is compressed creating wavelike rolling topography.

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folding

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-A break in the rock of a plate along which there is vertical and/or horizontal displacement

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fault

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Lava, such solid matter as rock fragments, solidified lava blobs, ashes and dust, gas and steam

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pyroclastic material

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Release of elastic strain energy as rocks move past one another along a fault. Most occur at plate margins

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Earthquakes

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-high pressure (gas) volcano
-high ash
-high silica content

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explosive volcanoes

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-continuous eruptions
-less vicious volcano
-basaltic magma

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effusive volcanoes

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-volcano:
-formed from lava that readily flows under low pressure
-quiet eruptions, gentle slopes
EX: hawaii type volcanoes

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shield volcano

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-volcano:
-formed from explosions caused by high pressures
-steep slopes, pyroclastics
EX: Mt. St. Helens type volcanoes

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composite volcano

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Mud and ash on the sides of the volcano are mobilized when glaciers melt during an eruption
-move at 60 mph

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Lahars

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Produced when a volcano explodes, collapses, or does both. Results in an immense basin-shaped depression, generally circular

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calderas

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The most comment structural features of the rocks of the lithosphere.
-Cracks that develop as a result of stress

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Joints

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Decompositio of rock by the chemical alteration of its minterals.
-almost all minerals are subject to chemical alteration when exposed to atmospheric and biotic agents.

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Chemical weathering

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Oxygen atoms combine with atoms of various metallic elements making up the minerals in the rock and form new products.
-New products are usually more columious, softer, and easily removed

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Oxidation

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-Disintegration of rock material without any change in its chemical composition.
-Big rocks are mechanically weather into little ones by various stresses that cause the rock to facture into smaller fragments.
-Occurs at the surface

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physical weathering

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Processes that involve running water

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Fluvial process

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All the area that contributes overland flow, streamflow, and groundwater to the stream
-Consists of a stream's valley bottom, valley sides and those portions of the surrounding interfluves that drain toward the valley.

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Drainage basin

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Consists of sand, gravel and larger rock fragments
-particles are dropped, then picked up later and carried farther

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bedload

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-Very fine particles of clay and silt are carried in suspension, moving along with the water without every touching the streambed

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suspended load

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-Streams that flow throughout the year and get some of their flow from groundwater.

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Perennial streams

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-Streams that do not receive consistent flow from groundwater run only seasonally.
-carry water only during andimmediately after rain
-short streams

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ephemeral streams

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Channels exhibiting an extraordinarily intricate pattern of smooth curves in which the stream follows a serpentine course, twisting and contorting

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meandering stream

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The line of separation between runoff that descends in the direction of one drainage basin, and runoff that goes toward an adjacent basin.

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drainage divide

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consists of dissolved solids, salts throughout the river

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solution load

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The steep outside banks of streams are:
-erosion occurs

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Cut banks

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Gently sloped inside banks
-deposited

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point bars

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-As a stream sways from side to side, _________ begins.
-The main flow of the current swings from one bank to the other, eroding where the water speed is greatest and depositing where it is lease.

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lateral erosion

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-Occurs at the upper end of a stream where overland flow pours of the lip of the interfluve into the valley.
-Streamflow wears back the lip of the interfluve
-Extends the valley

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headward erosion

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Flowing water slows down as it depositis a load, most of the debris is dropped at the mouth of the river called a ________.

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Delta

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-Cutoff portion of a channel.
-Rounded shape, gradually fill with sediment and vegetation to become swamps.

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oxbow lake

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-Build up from alluvium deposited along the sides of a stream during floods.
-raised area for a river

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levee

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-Rivers start at _______
-Rivers end at ________

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-Headwater
-Mouth

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classified by having less than 10 inches of precipitation per year.

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Desert

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-Loose, windblown sand is heaped into a mound or low hill

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Dune

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A wind-deposited silt that is fine grained, calcareous and usually buff colored.

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Loess

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-sand dune
-Ocurs as an individual dune migrating across a nonsandy surface. Form where strong winds blow consistently from one direction and fasted moving dunes

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barchan

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-star dunes
-Large pyramid-shaped dunes with arms radiating out in three or more directions.

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star

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Processes related to wind action. Pronounced, widespread and effective wherever fine-grained unconsolidated sedimentary material is exposed to the atmosphere, without vegetation, moisture or other form of protection.

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Aeolian

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-sand dune
-Occurs because wind is coming from two different directions

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Linear dune

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Type of glacier that is restricted to valleys in mountain uplands

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Alpine glaciers

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Type of glacier that cover large parts of continents

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Continental glaciers

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How do glaciers form?

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Snow accumulation exceeds snow melt; moves downhill when enough snow accumulates

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A broad amphitheatre or bowl hollowed out by glacial erosion

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Cirque

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Steep-sided pyramidal peak formed where three or more cirques intersect

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Horn

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A narrow spine of rock that is the interfluve

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arete

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Pile of sedimate left by a glacier

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Moraine

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Sediments deposited by streams flowing from glaciers

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Outwash