Gcse Edexcel History Of Medicine

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Greek Empire

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1500-200 BC

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How were sick treated in the greek empire?

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believed in gods for all aspects of life. Temples called Asclepia were built where they believed the god of healing Asclepius would visit and cure them. Also used herbal remedies and bleeding, vomiting, purging (aristotles theory of four humours).

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What did Aristotle do?

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Developed the theory of the four humours: that blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile needed to be balanced. So used treatments such as bleeding, vomiting, purging to balance the humours.

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what did Hippocrites do?

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also believed in the theory of the four humours. Encouraged doctors to look for natural ways of treating people instead of gods. introduced the Hippocratic Oath- gave people confidence in doctors (had to swear to keep things their patients told them secret). wrote books on his views. Emphasis on recording and observing symptoms of disease.

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comparisons between greek and roman empires

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greek not centralised, roman v. centralised- strong gov. quick communication around the empire so new ideas spread quickly. Greek had a small army, roman had a big army and frequently at war, gov. provided army with the best medical care- more people got good health care. romans well organised and efficient, greeks philosophic. Greek had small cities, roman, large cities- many people living together caused health problems.

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when was the roman era?

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300 BCE - 600 CE

Front 7

When was Galen around and what did he do?

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150CE. found out more about the anatomy and structure of the body- proved that brain not heart controlled speech and arteries carried blood. performed dissections.wrote books to spread his ideas. Gave advice on diet and exercise. Still believed in humours! developed idea of using opposites to balance humours.

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explain the roman public health systems

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-aqueducts- carried water to towns.

- water pipes carried water around towns- made of lead though so some would get lead poisoning.

- rich got water supplied to their house

- sewers carried waste away but needed enough water in the system if there wasn't waste built up and spread disease. waste sometimes emptied into rivers which were used for washing and drinking.

- public latrines- lots of people, very dirty, could spread disease

-bath-houses- unhygienic, busy, water only changed once a week

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were the roman public health systems good?

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improvement for the time however couldn't do much without scientific knowledge. mainly had an emphasis on hygiene and provision of clean water.

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why were romans so interested in public health?

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1. expansion,needed to keep army healthy. New ideas and practicalities. Pragmatic- driven by practicality.

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when did the romans leave Britain?

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410 ce

Front 12

when were the middle ages?

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500- 1400 CE

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what regressed in public health and why?

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lack of investment by the government, nothing centralised once romans left Britain. no engineers with technological knowledge to keep public baths, sewers, aqueducts, working affectively. wars made travel dangerous- docs didn't gain experience/ education. invading tribes destroyed/neglected public health systems. libraries destroyed. kings spent money on wars rather than PH. medieval towns dirtier than roman towns- pigs, chickens on the streets.

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any improvements in public health?

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wars meant lots of practice for surgeons.

public health in monasteries was good- rich, didn't translate to cities though. some local authorities tried to address issues by making rules: 1343- butchers ordered to use a segregated area for butchering animals. 2. 1345- fine for throwing litter in the street increased to two shillings. so some progress- after 100 local authorities tried to improve public health.

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what were ideas for causes of disease in the middle ages?

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regression mainly- main factor causing this is religion- controlled education and beliefs. 4 main ideas about causes of disease: 1. god/devil: though black death was to punish ppl for their sins. flagellants- wip themesleves to do an act of contrition. 2. 4 humours- continuity.

3. common sense e.g. bad air/dirt- miasma theory developed.

4. desperate explenations: e.g. blaming minorities such as jews.

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regression or progression in ideas about the causes of disease in middle ages?

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regression because of religion. So permeated with religious causes- not scientific. church very powerful.

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treatment in the middle ages

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1. urine chart- check colour, smell, density of urine and match against chart- making observations. (progression in the field of diagnosis)

2. astrology - regression

3. home remedies and bleeding- continuity

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training in the middle ages

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regression until 100-1300 where landowners grew rich and spent money on founding universities which trained physicians- more formal training of doctors. (students learnt astrology)

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what sort of hospitals were there in the middle ages

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variety that did different jobs: needy (no medical care), lepers, pilgrims, sick (hospitals now not only for soldiers). have recognised the importance of having different hospitals for different illnesses however still lack of scientific understanding. still run by the church. still used home remedies.

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when was the renaissance period?

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1500-1700

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what progression was made in the renaissance?

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reformation of the church-1520s- church challenged and schism caused in Christianity as it splits up. medical thinking challenged as well as supernatural beliefs and galens idea of the four humours. technology advances- printing- new ideas spread quicker- microscope. rebirth in interest in greek ideas- questioning and enquiring. artists (Italy) interested in painting human anatomy.

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when was Vesalius around and what did he do?

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1514-1564

found out jaw bone made from one bone not two as galen had said. blood doesn't flow through invisible holes in the septum, they don't exist.

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when was Harvey around and what did he do?

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1578-1657

realised heart acts as a pump, pumps blood around body. dissected human bodies.

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how did Harvey and Vesalius help? (renaissance)

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no one healthier as a result however they changed attitudes, accurate knowledge of anatomy vital for building medical knowledge in the future. Still conservatism tho

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what did Marcello Malpighi do and when?

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1600s, used one of the first microscopes to discover the capillaries which carry blood from arteries to the veins.

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what was the royal society and when was it set up?

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1645- famous people went there- more legitimacy, more importance. king Charles 2 attended meetings. published books to spread new ideas and did experiments.

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when did William hunter set up a medical school?

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1768. training emphasised the importance of experiments to test the value of treatments. other physicians also ran their own courses for medical students and were beginning to use hospital wards for training. e.g. edinbrugh had 200 medical students a year.

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what were the new hospitals like when they were opened in 1700s?

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paid for by local people, charities and town councils. patients were clean and warm and well fed. however, still given herbal remedies and bled. nurses helped but no medical training,

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what were tretments in the renaissance period?

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herbal remedies, new ingredients from abroad for medicines (progress), quack doctors, still bled, still beliefs that god was the cause

Front 30

when was the industrial revolution?

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1750-1900

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who was john hunter?

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1728-1993. gave lectures on anatomy which developed a more professional approach to medical training. observation and experiment was emphasised. published books. only afew doctors benefited from him though. MADE MAJOR ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE OF THE BODY.

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what did the society of apothecaries and royal college of surgeons do in 1815?

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introduced exams before awarding a certificate

Front 33

when did jenner test his vaccination for small pox?

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1796

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when was jenners vaccination made compulsory by british government?

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1852- gov action

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why was there oopposition to compulsory vaccines?

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vaccinations not free so difficult for poor. some didn't like change. idea sounded odd. some didn't accept jenners evidence as couldn't offer any scientific explanations- his methods couldn't be applied to other infectious diseases as he didn't know why his vaccines worked!

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when were the four cholera epidemics?

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1.

1832- Attitude of laissez-faire, belief that government should not interfere in ordinary lives. water companies objected to chadwiks ideas cos they thought changes might reduce their prophits.

2 1848 (public health act)

3 1854- john snows break through

4 1865 ratepayers finally prepared to take action to clear up towns

2.

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when and whats was the anatomy act?

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1832. government tried to end body snatchers by allowing licensed anatomists to take the corpse of anyone dying in the work house who wasn't claimed by a relative. gov. intervening, recognising the need of bodies for dissection.

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when and what was the general medical act?

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1858. said that a general medical council had to be set up and all qualified doctors had to be registered- professionalization of doctors.

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who was Florence nightingale?

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1860s.

helped during the Crimean war in hospitals- trained nurses, improved hospitals, set up training schools for nurses, improved sanitation, established nursing as a proper proffesion, spread ideas about hygiene, gained more respect for nurses. published books

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when was the germ theory published?

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1861

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what and when did chadwick do?

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employed by poor law unions in 1830s to report conditions- gave advice on how to improve. gov. didn't listen- attitude of laissez- faire. couldn't force local councils to do anything as local businessmen wouldn't pay for PH reforms.

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when was the first pulic health act?

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1848. reluctantly approved by gov. after outbreak of cholera. encouraged but not forced local authorities to improve conditions in their local area. only afew local authorities took measures. 6yrs later gov board of health disbanded.

Front 43

what was the great stink

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in 1858.

smelled near parliament and all round London. gov. finally after 7yrs of bazalgette asking for funds, let him carry out his plans to build sewers in London.

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when were bazalgettes sewers made?

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1865