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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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The four Humours Are? |
Blood Phlegm Black Bile Yellow Bile |
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Who Coined the four humours? |
Hippocrates |
An Ancient Greek |
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What else did Hippocrates Create? (3 things) |
The Hippocratic Method The Hippocratic Oath The Hippocratic Corpus |
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What was Hipoocrates' stance on illness and treatment? |
He did not like to interfere. He advocated for healthy Diet and exercise. |
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Who was Galen? |
He was a Roman Physician working in the Middle Ages (2nd century) who worked off of what Hippocrates had done. |
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What development was there in medicine in the Roman era? |
There wasn't much in the way of actual knowledge advances, however practical advances were common. The infancy of germ theory was possible coined here. |
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What were the main ideas of primitive medicine? |
Trepanning, bone setting, Amputation, herbal medicine, stitches, Dentistry, magic |
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What did Galen do in terms of Medicine? |
He coined the Theory of Opposites |
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Define: Asclepeion |
An early Greek hospital. You would go along to one of these temples to Asclepios, the Greek god of medicine, and a certain ritual would take place and you were either healed, or were told how you could be healed. |
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Define: Theory of opposites. |
This was used by doctors right up into the renaissance. It was the idea of balancing the humours by either reducing the amount of the humour with too much or increasing the opposite humour. |
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How would you treat a patient with too much of a humour using the ideas of opposites? |
Too much: Yellow bile - Purgative herb Black bile - laxative Blood - bleeding Phlegm - making them sneeze and blow their nose. |
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What humours are tied to each ailment? |
Fever-too much yellow bile Black in the vomit-too much black bile Cold-too much phlegm Dysentery-too much blood |
Fever? Dysentery? Black Vomit? Cold? |
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Why did Galen's ideas stick around right through to the renaissance? |
Because he believed in a single God, the church backed up his ideas and essentially put to death anyone who disagreed. |
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What was the problem with people blindly accepting Galen's ideas? |
A lot of them were less than correct, and could of done with further investigation, such as his ideas on blood letting. He had many other ideas like various poultices, but they seemed to be ignored. |
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What was public health like in Roman Britain? |
It was quite good! They understood the need for clean water, and the dangers of Mosquitos. Public baths were common and sewage was handled accordingly. |
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What happened in AD 64 that helped public health in Rome? |
When the city of Rome was rebuilt after a large fire, it had very wide squares and streets to avoid dirty overcrowding. |
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What about food in Rome? |
It was all checked by public health officials. |
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What about the disposal of dead bodies in Rome? |
Burying within the walls of the city was banned and so cremation became so much more popular. |
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Was Roman Public Health perfect? (4 reasons) |
No! The poor lived in overcrowded tenement blocks.
Malaria was a large problem as Rome was built near a marsh area.
Lead pipes were used for water.
The sewers emptied into the river Tiber, which polluted the river. |
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How could the Romans provide such good public health facilities? (4 reasons) |
They realised it was important.
They had an empire to defend, and so they realised it was very important. Even in the places they moved to they spread good public health.
They were skilled engineers and builders, so they could build such impressive things.
They didn't like to theorise about the causes of disease, they were far more involved with what worked to prevent it. |
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What were the two main developments of the Middle Ages? |
The Fall of the Roman Empire.
The rise of Christianity |
NOT MEDICAL |
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What else did the Romans do in terms of preventing sepsis? |
They used honey to clean wounds, a natural antiseptic. |
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What event cause the end of the Black Death? |
The Great Fire of London in 1666 |
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Define: plague |
Plagues are incredibly infectious /contagious diseases that spread very quickly and either leave a victim dead or immune. They are often spread from livestock. |
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Why was the Black Death a real problem in cities, but not in more rural places? |
People were very closely packed and waste was just put into the streets. This allowed for rats (with the primary carrier fleas) to thrive. When the rats died, the fleas would find a new home. Humans. |
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Define: renaissance |
A period of history where the church lost its stranglehold on knowledge and the first scientific advances were made in centuries. |
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Where was the renaissance triggered from? Why here? |
Padua, in Italy. It was an independent city state. The prince had the ultimate rule over the city, and not the church, so he allowed human dissection. |
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Who argued that the system of a servant dissecting the body wasn't right? |
Andreas Vesalius. |
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Why was Andreas Vesalius so important? |
He discovered that the liver wasn't lobed unlike Galen had said, neither did blood go through the ventricular septum, or that the jaw was definitely in two parts.
By disproving Galen in these key, areas, he forced the church to admit that Galen could be wrong, thus causing them to release the hold they'd had on medical advancements. |
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What book did Andreas Vesalius write? |
Fabrica |
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Who are two other important figures of the renaissance? |
René Descartes - coined the scientific method.
William Harvey - proved blood circulated in one direction. |
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What event cause the end of the Black Death? |
The Great Fire of London in 1666 |
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Egyptians were quite important. Why? |
They had the first proper leaps forward in the field of medicine. They recorded findings, carefully studied anatomy, and were very much into their cleanliness. |
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Jen sner noes nuffin, Except what? |
John Snow discovered the cause of cholera, dirty water. In an area with a cholera outbreak he takes the handle of a local water pump, and there are mysteriously no more cases of cholera. They dig down and find the sewage pipe split into the water supply. |
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Who was Edwin Chadwick? |
He was the first person to successfully advocate for better public health, as at the time the government had a very lauded-faire |
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Why does Alexander the Great matter to medicine? |
He put together the Great library at Alexandria. It was the central point of knowledge in the ancient world, and allowed many trainee physicians to study the greats. |
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What was the main feature Anglo Saxon medicine? |
Magic and prayer |
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Despite the "magical" nature of Anglo Saxon medicine, what did they do that was probably quite effective? |
For broken limbs, they would bathe it and apply ointment. They would then bind it with a splint.
Chicken pox, they'd soak herbs in holy water, grill them, then boil them in milk. The patient would then drink the liquid. This was coupled with a lot of prayers, and chicken pox clears on its own, so it probably worked to an extent. |
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What was the Black Death likely a mixture of? |
Bubonic plague. Pneumonic plague. Ebola. |
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What was the fatality rate of Bubonic plague? |
60% within 3-5 days |
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What was the fatality rate of pneumonic plague? |
90% within 2-3 hours |
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What was the fatality rate of Ebola? |
95% within 1-2 days |
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Who was Edwin Chadwick? |
He was the first person to successfully advocate for better public health, as at the time the government had a very laissez-faire attitude to the public. |
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What was the life expectancy in 1901 |
47 (rich people lived longer) |
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When was the Germ Theory discovered |
1861 |
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When was the typhoid vaccine created |
1896 |
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When was the TB vaccine created |
1906 |
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When was the diphtheria vaccine created |
1913 |
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When was the measles vaccine created |
1964 |
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What did Paul Ehrlich do |
He used stained dyes (Koch) and anti toxins that only attacked disease (Behring) to make the first magic bullet |
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What did Gerhard Domagk do |
Found the second magic bullet in 1932 |
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What did Alexander Fleming do |
Discovered penicillin |
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