History - Medicine Through Time (Edexcel)

Front 1

What was The Theory of the Four Humours?

Back 1

Theory stated the Earth was made up of four basic elements:

•fire •water •earth •air

The four humours were:

•blood

•phlegm - the watery a substance coughed up, sneezed out or expelled in tears.

•black bile - refers to clotted blood visible in excrement or vomit.

•choler - aka “yellow bile”, appeared in pus or vomit.

CREATED BY HIPPOCRATES

Front 2

What was the belief associated with The Four Humours?

Back 2

They all Humours must be equal, if they became unbalanced you became ill.

CREATED BY GALEN

Hint 2

*rotate phone*

Front 3

What was the Theory Of Opposites?

Back 3

A theory built upon the Theory of the Four Humours, in which if you had too much phlegm, then you needed something hot and dry to balance out the Humours once again.

Front 4

What was miasma?

Back 4

“Bad air” that was believed to be filled with harmful fumes. Smells and Vapour were miasmata.

Galen and Hippocrates studied Miasma and they said that swamps, corpses, and other rotting matter could transmit disease.

Front 5

What was a Barber Surgeon?

Back 5

Barbers that cut hair and also carried out medical procedures like small surgeries, pulling out teeth and bleeding patients.

Front 6

What was Vivisection?

Back 6

Criminals that’s were sentenced to death, they had their bodies cut open, dissected and examined

Front 7

What were Urine Charts?

Back 7

A chart used to aid patient’s diagnosis based upon samples of their urine.

Front 8

What influences ideas about the cause of disease in the Middle Ages?

Back 8

The use of Astrology was more widespread; however it didn’t expand upon Galen’s original theories. On the whole they stayed the same.

Front 9

How did Individuals and The Church influence ideas on causes of disease in the Middle Ages?

Back 9

The Church didn’t like change as it wanted to maintain the status quo.

The Church controlled what books were copied and distributed and thus controlled medical learning.

Hippocrates and Galen were important throughout the Middle Ages. Their books had been persevered by Arabic scholars and Latin translations were available.

Front 10

How did Science and Technology effect ideas about causes of disease in the Middle Ages?

Back 10

Lack of Scientific knowledge meant that new knowledge was limited. Tried to make new discoveries match the old theories.

Front 11

How did Attitudes In Society effect ideas about Causes of Disease in the Middle Ages?

Back 11

Had a strong belief in God & didn’t want to risk going to hell for being critical of the Church.

Front 12

What were some Religious and Supernatural Treatments in the Middle Ages?

Back 12

•Healing Prayers and Incantations (Spells).

•Paying for a special mass to be said.

•Fasting.

•Pilgrimages to the tombs of people noted for their healing powers.

•Herbal Remedies.

Front 13

How did Astrology aid Treatment and Prevention in the Middle Ages?

Back 13

Treatments varies depending on the horoscope of the patient, the alignment of the planets was checked at every stage of the treatment prescribed: herb gathering, bleeding, purging, operations and even cutting hair and nails.

Front 14

What were the 3 ways of Blood-Letting?

Back 14

•Cutting a Vein - Cutting a Vein with a sharp instrument, usually near the elbow as it was easy to access.

•Leeches - Freshwater leeches were collected, washed and kept hungry for a day before placed on the skin. Bleeding might continue for up to 10 hours after the leech was full.

•Cupping - The skin was pierced with a knife or a pin or even scratched with fingernails until it was bleeding. Then a heated cup was placed over the cuts to create a vacuum, which drew the blood to the surface.

Front 15

What was Purging?

Back 15

Cleansing the patients insides by either:

•Giving then something to make the vomit (an emetic)

•Or a laxative to make them defecate.

Front 16

How did Remedies aid Treatment and Prevention in the Middle Ages?

Back 16

Sniffed, Drank or Bathed in Herbal Remedies.

Common Remedies Included:

•Theriaca - A spice based mixture that could contain up to 70 ingredients. Used to treat snake bites and poisons.

•Blanc Mangier - Made from Chicken and Almonds, was used to aid Invalids (Mental and Physical disease and some injuries).

Front 17

What was prescribed to help dissolve blockages in the Humours?

Back 17

Warm Baths & Herbal Remedies

Front 18

How did The Church help prevent disease in the Middle Ages?

Back 18

Most believed a sin free life would prevent disease. Regular prayers, confessions and offering tithes to the Church worked to ensure sins were forgiven.

Front 19

What intrsuctions about Hygiene helped to prevent disease?

Back 19

Hint 19

Worked on by Galen, Hippocrates and Avicenna.

Front 20

In the Middle Ages, what was believed about one’s Diet in the prevention of disease?

Back 20

What and when you ate were both considered very important in preventing an imbalance of the Humours.

Front 21

In the Middle Ages, how did they Purify Air?

Back 21

Spreading sweet herbs (such as lavender. They also tried to keep towns clean by not letting rotting animals lie around, they also cleaned public toilets.

Front 22

Why did most people in the Middle Ages get treated by a Women in their family?

Back 22

Asking for medical advice costed a lot, and treatments weren’t guaranteed, most people weren’t willing to spend the money even if they had it.

Front 23

What were Medieval ‘Medics’?

Back 23

Most people were treated at home by a female family member.

Women did most of the treatment at home, caring for the sick and mixing remedies themselves.

Front 24

Why did most people in the Middle Ages get treated by a Women in their family?

Back 24

Asking for medical advice costed a lot, and treatments weren’t guaranteed, most people weren’t willing to spend the money even if they had it.

Front 25

What were Physicians?

Back 25

During the Middle Ages, doctors were known as Physicians. The word doctor didn’t become common until the 17th century.

Front 26

What was the role of Physicians?

Back 26

To diagnose illness and recommended a course of treatment. They rarely got involved with treating the patients themselves.

Front 27

What were the three stages of a Physician Consultation?

Back 27

1)The Physician would look at a sample of the patient’s urine, faeces and blood.

2)He could consult the astrological charts under which the patient was born at the time they fell sick.

3)Then he could use the Humoural Tendencies of the patient to create a course of treatment.

Front 28

Who carried out the treatment recommended by Physicians?

Back 28

The less trained and lower paid professionals, for example Barber Surgeons.

Front 29

Who carried out the treatment recommended by Physicians?

Back 29

The less trained and lower paid professionals, for example Barber Surgeons.

Front 30

Why were Physicians so expensive in the Middle Ages?

Back 30

There wasn’t very many of them, mainly sure to the extensive training.

Front 31

What did Apothecaries do?

Back 31

They mainly mixed herbal remedies as they had good knowledge of the healing power of herbs and plants thanks to studying books like Materia Medica, or information passed down through their families.

Front 32

Why did people see Apothcaries more the Physicians?

Back 32

Apothcaries were comparatively cheap to Physicians.

Front 33

Why were the Apothecaries disliked by Physicians and the Church?

Back 33

They were running the Physicians out of business and the Church did not agree with the Supernatural side of their treatment.

Front 34

What were hospitals like in the Middle Ages?

Back 34

There were an estimated 1,100 hospitals ranging in sizes. However many hospitals didn’t treat the sick, instead they offered hospitality. 30% of hospitals were funded by the Church and the rest were funded by endowment.

Front 35

What was Endowment?

Back 35

When a wealthy person left money in their will for the funding of a hospital.

Front 36

In the Middle Ages, where were the majority of people treated?

Back 36

At home. Women cared for their family, prepare meals, grew herbs and mixed herbal remedies. Women also ensured the patient was clean, warm and well-fed. This made the patient more comfortable.

Front 37

When was the Black Death?

Back 37

1348-49

Front 38

What were the causes of the Black Death?

Back 38

Thought to be supernatural - either alignment of the plants, a punishment from God or Miasma.

Front 39

How did they treat the Black Death?

Back 39

Prayer, Strong-Smelling herbs and Herbal Remedies.

Front 40

In the beginning of the Black Death how did Physicians attempt to treat the Black Death?

Back 40

Bleeding and Purging, this made patients worse.

Front 41

Why did they focus on trying to prevention of the Black Death rather than treatment of it?

Back 41

Once you caught the Black Death, it was very likely that you would die.

Front 42

How did people try to prevent catching the Black Death?

Back 42

They avoided infected family members and left infected areas. Town authorities and local governments tried to quarantine people.

Front 43

What changed in Medical Practice from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance?

Back 43

The Theory of the Four Humours couldn’t be used to explain certain diseases anymore. Many scientists want to better understand the world around them.

Front 44

What new ideas were there about causes of disease in the Renaissance?

Back 44

•Seeds in the air.

Front 45

How was the Theory of the Four Humours used in the 17th Century?

Back 45

They no longer believed that humoural imbalance caused disease but they still referred to it when diagnosing disease.

Front 46

Who was Thomas Sydenham and what did he do?

Back 46

He was a doctor in London. He refused to rely on medical books. He closely observed symptoms and treatments, this way he could observe side effects.