Fundamentals Of Speech Part Two

Front 1

- Get the attention and interest of your audience
- reveal the topic of your speech
- establish your credibility and goodwill
- Preview the body of the speech

Back 1

The Introduction's Four Objectives

Front 2

- To let the audience know you are ending the speech
- To reinforce the audience's understanding of , or commitment to, the central idea

Back 2

The Conclusion's Two Functions

Front 3

- state the specific purpose of your speech
- identify the central idea
- label the Introduction, Body, and Conclusion
-Use a Consistent Pattern of symbolization and indentation
- state main points and sub points in full sentences
label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews
- attach a Bibliography
- Give your Speech a title, if one is desired

Back 3

Guidelines for the Preparation Outline

Front 4

- Follow the Visual Framework used in the Preparation outline
- make sure the outline is legible
- keep the outline as brief as possible
- give yourself cues for delivering the speech

Back 4

Guidelines for the speaking outline

Front 5

visual framework

Back 5

the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas

Front 6

delivery cues

Back 6

directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech

Front 7

denotative meaning

Back 7

the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

Front 8

connotative meaning

Back 8

the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

Front 9

imagery

Back 9

the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas

Front 10

rhythm

Back 10

the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice by the choice and arrangement of words

Front 11

- use familiar words
- choose concrete words
- eliminate clutter

Back 11

Guidelines of Using language clearly

Front 12

- imagery
- rhythm

Back 12

Guidelines for using language vividly

Front 13

- appropriateness to the occasion
- appropriateness to the audience
- appropriateness to the topic
- appropriateness to the speaker

Back 13

Guidelines for using language appropriately

Front 14

inclusive language

Back 14

language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors

Front 15

- avoid the generic "He"
- avoid the Use of "Man" When Referring to Both Men and Women
- avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender
- use the names that groups use to identify themselves

Back 15

Guidelines for inclusive language

Front 16

- reading from a manuscript
- reciting from memory
- speaking impromptu
- speaking extemporaneously

Back 16

Methods of delivery

Front 17

volume

Back 17

the loudness or softness of the speaker's voice

Front 18

pitch

Back 18

the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice

Front 19

inflections

Back 19

changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice

Front 20

monotone

Back 20

a constant pitch or tone of voice

Front 21

rate

Back 21

the speed at which a person speaks

Front 22

pause

Back 22

a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech

Front 23

vocalized pause

Back 23

a pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh", "er", and "um"

Front 24

vocal variety

Back 24

changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variation and expressiveness

Front 25

pronunciation

Back 25

the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language

Front 26

articulation

Back 26

the physical production of particular speech sounds

Front 27

dialect

Back 27

a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary

Front 28

- personal appearance
- movement
- gestures
- eye contact

Back 28

Qualities of the Speaker's Body

Front 29

kinesics

Back 29

the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication

Front 30

line graph

Back 30

a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space

Front 31

pie graph

Back 31

a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns

Front 32

bar graph

Back 32

a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items

Front 33

- Prepare Visual Aids Well in Advance
- Keep Visual Aids simple
- Make sure visuals aids are large enough
- use a limited amount of text
- use fonts effectively
- use color effectively
- use images strategically

Back 33

Guidelines for Preparing Visual Aids

Front 34

- display visual aids where listeners can see them
- avoid passing visual aids among the audience
- display visual aids only while discussing them
- explain visual aids clearly and concisely
- talk to your audience, not to your visual aid
- practice with your visual aids
- check the room and equipment

Back 34

Guidelines for Presenting visual aids

Front 35

informative speech

Back 35

a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding

Front 36

object informative speech

Back 36

a speech where anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form

Front 37

process informative speech

Back 37

a speech where a systematic series of actions that leads to specific result or product

Front 38

event informative speech

Back 38

a speech where anything that happens or is regarded as happening

Front 39

concept informative speech

Back 39

a speech where a belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like

Front 40

- Don't overestimate what the audience knows
- relate the subject directly to the audience
- Don't be too technical
- avoid abstractions
- personalize your ideas
- be creative

Back 40

Guidelines for Informative Speaking

Front 41

target audience

Back 41

the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

Front 42

mental dialogue with the audience

Back 42

the mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech

Front 43

- fact
- value
- policy

Back 43

Types of Persuasive Speech

Front 44

question of fact

Back 44

a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion

Front 45

question of value

Back 45

a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action

Front 46

question of policy

Back 46

a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

Front 47

- problem-solution
- problem-cause-solution
- comparative advantages
- Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Back 47

Organizing speeches on questions of policy

Front 48

Problem-solution order

Back 48

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

Front 49

Problem-cause-solution order

Back 49

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem

Front 50

comparative advantages order

Back 50

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions

Front 51

Monroe's motivated sequence

Back 51

a method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action

Front 52

logos

Back 52

the name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.

Front 53

pathos

Back 53

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal

Front 54

fallacy

Back 54

an error in reasoning

Front 55

hasty generalization

Back 55

a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

Front 56

false cause

Back 56

a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second

Front 57

invalid analogy

Back 57

an analogy in which the two cases being compared are NOT essentially alike

Front 58

bandwagon

Back 58

a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct,, or desirable

Front 59

either-or

Back 59

a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives

Front 60

speech of introduction

Back 60

a speech introduces the main speaker to the audience

Front 61

speech of presentation

Back 61

a speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition

Front 62

Acceptance Speech

Back 62

a speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition

Front 63

commemorative speech

Back 63

A speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea

Front 64

- commit yourself to the goals of your group
- fulfill individual assignments
- avoid interpersonal conflicts
- encourage full participation
- keep the discussion on track

Back 64

Responsibilities in a small group

Front 65

reflective-thinking method

Back 65

A five-step method for directing discussion in a problem-solving small group. (1) Define the Problem (2) Analyze the Problem (3) Establish Criteria for Solutions (4) Generate Potential Solutions (5) Select the Best Solution

Front 66

- procedural needs
- task needs
- maintenance needs

Back 66

Functions of Leadership