Functional Anatomy Of Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells

Front 1

Histone proteins

Back 1

Special chromosomal proteins found in eukaryotes

Front 2

Why are prokaryotes different than eukaryotes

Back 2

One circular chromosome, no DNA enclosed in membrane. No membrane bound organelles

Usually have cell walls containing peptidoglycen. Divide by binary fission.e

Front 3

Eukaryotes

Back 3

Multiple chromosomes inside membrane-bound nucleus. Histone proteins associated with DNA. Membrane bound organelles. Cell walls lack peptidoglycen. Divide by mitosis

Front 4

Mitosis

Back 4

Chromosomes replicate, and an identical set is distributed into the nuclei of two identical daughter cells.

Front 5

What is glycocalyx?

Back 5

The sticky glue that holds the cells in place. Can be found surrounding both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Can dry into filaments during examination. Gelatinous polymer (usually polysaccharide). Can contribute to biofilms.

Front 6

What's the usual size of bacteria?

Back 6

Most are from 0.2-2.0 micrometers in diameter, and 2-8 micrometers in length.

Front 7

Coccobacilli

Back 7

Bacilli (rod shaped) that look like cocci (round or spherical)

Front 8

Pleomorphic

Back 8

Bacteria that varies in shape.

Front 9

What are the basic arrangements of cocci?

Back 9

Single. Diplococci (pairs). Streptococci (chains). Tetrads (packet of four). Sarcinae (packets of eight). Staphylococci (irregular clusters).

Front 10

Diplococci

Back 10

Pairs of cocci

Front 11

Streptococci

Back 11

Chains of cocci

Front 12

Tetrads

Back 12

Packets of four cocci

Front 13

Sarcinae

Back 13

Packets of eight cocci

Front 14

What are the basic arrangements of bacilli?

Back 14

Single, diplobacilli, streptobacilli, Coccobacilli

Front 15

Diplobacilli

Back 15

Pairs of bacilli

Front 16

Streptobacilli

Back 16

Chains of bacilli

Front 17

What is a capsule?

Back 17

When glycocalyx is firmly attached to bacteria. Can protect a bacterium from being phagocytized (eaten) by a host's defensive cells. Can be detected by negative stain, which can be useful in identifying disease causing bacteria.

Front 18

Slime layer

Back 18

When the glycocalyx is loosely attached to bacteria. Can help attach bacteria to surfaces (adhesins)

Front 19

Flagella

Back 19

Important in disease, used for propulsion. Different arrangements are monotrichous, amphitrichous, lophotrichous, peritrichous.

Front 20

Monotrichous

Back 20

Single flagellum at one pole.

Front 21

Amphitrichous

Back 21

Multiple flagella at both ends.

Front 22

Lophotrichous

Back 22

Multiple flagella at one end.

Front 23

Peritrichous

Back 23

Flagella all over the microbe.

Front 24

Taxis

Back 24

The movement of a microbe toward or away from a particular stimulus such as chemicals or lights. Chemotaxis and phototaxis.

Front 25

Axial filaments

Back 25

Certain spiral shaped bacteria. Fibrils that spiral around the cell. Rotation of these filaments causes a corkscrewing motion by the spirochete which helps propel through thick environments.

Front 26

Treponema pallidum

Back 26

Causes syphilis, spiral shaped, axial filaments

Front 27

Fimbriae

Back 27

Shorter, straighter, thinner than flagella. Used for attachment to surfaces, not motility.

Front 28

Pili

Back 28

Longer than Fimbriae, 1-2 found per cell. Transfer genetic material from one bacterium to another (sex Pili). Also used for twitching or gliding motility.

Front 29

Conjugation

Back 29

The transfer of genetic information via sex pili.

Front 30

What are the functions of cell walls?

Back 30

Supports underlying plasma membrane. Semirigid and responsible for shape of cell. May contribute to microbe's ability to cause disease.

Front 31

What are gram positive cell walls composed of?

Back 31

Many layers of peptidoglycen, teichoic acids which contribute to a thick cell wall.

Front 32

What is lysis and what is it caused by?

Back 32

Penicillin inhibits the formation of peptidoglycen, which causes weakening of the cell wall. Lysis then happens, which is the rupture of the plasma membrane and loss of cytoplasm.

Front 33

What are characteristics of a gram negative bacteria?

Back 33

Less peptidoglycen layers, no teichoic acids, an additional lipid layer that dissolves in acetone alcohol.

Front 34

What is lipopolysaccharide-phospholipid?

Back 34

Lipoprotein layer surrounding the peptidoglycen layer. It's a lipid. Can act as a barrier to certain antibiotics and digestive enzymes.

Front 35

What does Lipid A, or endotoxin, prevent but also cause?

Back 35

Prevents phagocytosis, causes fever, low blood pressure, dilation of blood vessels, shock, and coagulation abnormalities in humans.

Front 36

What is Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

Back 36

The causative agent of walking pneumonia, have "atypical cell walls" or little to no cell walls.

Front 37

How can acid-fast bacteria be stained?

Back 37

Using carbolfuchsin. Carbolfuchsin penetrates the cell wall when heat is used to enhance penetration. It binds to the cytoplasm and resists removal.

Front 38

What is mycolic acid?

Back 38

Water repelling waxy lipid in the cell walls of mycobacterium that resists the uptake of dyes. Forms a layer outside thin layer of peptidoglycen.

Front 39

What is phagocytosis?

Back 39

The ingestion of bacteria or other materials by phagocytes and amoeboid Protozoa.

Front 40

What is a lysozyme?

Back 40

An enzyme that catalyzes the destruction of certain bacteria's cell walls. Found in tears, mucous, and saliva. Gram positive cells are the most susceptible. They might burst (lyse), or form protoplasts.

Front 41

What are protoplasts?

Back 41

Result of lysozyme. Cells that form into this have no cell walls.

Front 42

What happens to gram negative microbes exposed to lysozyme?

Back 42

They are less susceptible than gram positives and some of the cell wall will remain. (Spheroplasts)

Front 43

Osmotic lysis

Back 43

Both protoplasts and spheroplasts will burst in dilute environments.

Front 44

Which microbes are most susceptible to penicillin interference of peptidoglycen?

Back 44

Gram positives.

Front 45

How does penicillin destroy bacteria?

Back 45

By interfering with the formation of the peptide cross bridges of peptidoglycen, which prevents the formation of a functional cell wall.

Front 46

What antibiotics are gram negative bacteria susceptible to?

Back 46

B-lactam antibiotics penetrate the outer membrane better than penicillin.

Front 47

What is the inner membrane of a cell wall?

Back 47

Plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane. Phospholipid by layer found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic microbes. Consistency of light olive oil.

Front 48

What are the proteins associated with the plasma membrane involved in?

Back 48

Either catalyzing chemical reactions or transport of materials across the bilayer.

Front 49

What are glycoproteins and glycolipids?

Back 49

Lipids and proteins on the outer surface of the plasma membrane that have carbohydrates attached to them. They help protect and lubricate the cell and are involved in cell to cell interactions.

Front 50

What can pass through the plasma membrane easily?

Back 50

Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and some simple sugars.

Front 51

What is simple diffusion?

Back 51

Passive movement of molecules or ions from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Driven by random motion of molecules in a liquid or gas.

Front 52

What is Brownian motion?

Back 52

Random movement of microscopic particles (solutes) suspended in liquid or gas, caused by collisions with molecules of the surrounding medium.

Front 53

What is facilitated diffusion?

Back 53

Permeases (transporter proteins) transport material from a high concentration to an area of low concentration. Passive and does not require energy.