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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Walter Reed
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Discovered that the mosquito transmitted yellow fever and developed a cure. Yellow fever was the leading cause of death of American troops in the Spanish-American War.
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Insular cases
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Determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens.
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Teller Amendment
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April 1896 - U.S. declared Cuba free from Spain, but the Teller Amendment disclaimed any American intention to annex Cuba.
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Platt Amendment
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A rider to the Army Appropriations Bill of 1901, it specified the conditions under which the U.S. could intervene in Cuba's internal affairs, and provided that Cuba could not make a treaty with another nation that might impair its independence. Its provisions where later incorporated into the Cuban Constitution.
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Spheres of influence
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Region in which political and economic control is exerted by on European nation to the exclusion of all others. Spheres of influence appeared primarily in the East, and also in Africa.
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Boxer Rebellion
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1900 - a secret Chinese society called the Boxers because their symbol was a fist revolted against foreigners in their midst and laid siege to foreign legislations in Beijing.
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Extraterritoriality
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In the 1920's, China wated an end to the exemption of foreigners accused of crimes from China's legal jurisdiction.
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Most Favored Nation Clause
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Part of RTA Act in 1834, allowed a nation to make a special agreement with another nation and give them a preferential low tariff rate.
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U.S.S. Oregon
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Warship involved in Spanish-American blockade in Cuba in 1898. Went from Cuba to the Philippines by going around the Southern tip of South America. Showed that we need a better route between the Atlantic and the Pacific.
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Clayton-Bulwer Treaty
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1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881.
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Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
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1901 - Great Britain recognized U.S. Sphere of Influence over the Panama canal zone provided the canal itself remained neutral. U.S. given full control over construction and management of the canal.
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Hay-Herran Treaty
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Kept the purchase price of the canal strip in Panama the same but enlarged the area from 6 to 10 miles.
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Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
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1903 - U.S. guaranteed the independence of the newly-created Republic of Panama.
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Panama Revolution
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The Isthmus of Panama had been part of Columbia. U.S. tried to negotiate with Columbia to build the Panama Canal. Columbia refused, so U.S. encouraged Panama to revolt. Example of Big Stick diplomacy.
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Panama Canal
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Built to make passage between Atlantic and Pacific oceans easier and faster.
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Goethals and Gorgas
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1906 - Army colonels who supervised the construction of the Panama Canal.
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Venezuelan Crisis
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1902 - England, Germany and Italy had blockaded Venezuelan ports because Latin American countries failed to make payments on debts owed to foreign banks. U.S. invoked the Monroe Doctrine and pressured the European powers to back off.
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Drago Doctrine
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Argentine jurist, Luis Drago, proposed that European countries could not use force to collect debts owed by countries in the Americas. They could not blockade South American ports. Adopted as part of the Hague Convention in 1907.
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Roosevelt Corollary
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U.S. would act as international policemen. An addition to the Monroe Doctrine.
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Colossus of the North
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1906 - Relations between U.S. and Canada including a reciprocal trade agreement. Tight relations made the U.S. and Canada a "Colossus."
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Dominican Republic
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In 1905, the U.S. imposed financial restrictions upon this Caribbean nation. Part of making sure Latin America traded with the U.S. and not Europe.
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Russo-Japanese War, Treaty of Portsmouth
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Japan had attacked the Russian Pacific fleet over Russia's refusal to withdraw its troops from Mancharia after the Boxer Rebellion (1904-1905) War fought mainly in Korea. Japan victorious, the U.S. mediated the end of the war. Negotiating the treaty in the U.S. increased U.S. prestige. Roosevelt received a Nobel Peace Prize for the mediation.
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San Francisco School Board Incident
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1906 - Racist schools segregated Chinese, Korean and Japanese students because of anti-oriental sentiment in California.
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Elihu Root
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Secretary of War under Roosevelt, he reorganized and monderized the U.S. Army. Later served as ambassador for the U.S. and won the 1912 Nobel Peace Prize.
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Gentlemen's Agreement
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In 1907 Theodore Roosevelt arranged with Japan that Japan would voluntarily restrict the emmigration of its nationals to the U.S.
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Root-Takahira Agreement
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1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.
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Lansing-Ishii Agreement, 1917
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Lessened the tension in the feuds between the U.S. and Japan by recognizing Japan's sphere of influence in China in exchange for Japan's continued recognition of the Open Door policy in China.
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Democracy, efficiency, pragmatism
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Three characteristics that the U.S. felt made them superior to other countries. Many U.S. cities in the 1900 to 1920 instituted modern "scientific" political systems, such as the use of professional city managers, to replace inefficient traditional machine politics. The U.S. tried to spread there ideas abroad.
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Muckrakers
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Journalists who searched for and publicized real or alleged acts of corruption of public officials, businessmen, etc. Name coined by Teddy Roosevelt in 1906.
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Thorstien Velben, The Theory of the Leisure Class
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An economist, he believed that society was always evolving, but not that the wealthiest members of society were the "fittest." Attacked the behavior of the wealthy. Muckraker novel.
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James G. Blaine, Pan-Americanism
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The 1884 nomination for the Rebublican presidential candidate. Pan-Americanism stated that events in the Americans affected the U.S. and we thus had reason to intervene.
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Venezuelan boundary dispute
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Dispute between the U.S. and Britain involving the point at which the Venezuela / Columbia border was drawn. Britain eventually won the dispute.
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Bering sea seal controversy
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A dispute between the U.S. and Russia involving who could hunt seals in the Bering Sea.
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Pago Pago, Samoa
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1878 - The U.S. gained the strategic port Pago Pago in Samoa for use in refueling U.S. warships overseas. It was part of building an international military presence.
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Virginius
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1873 - Spain and U.S. government got into a squabble over the Cuban-owned Virginius, which had been running guns. Spain executed several Americans who had been on board. The telegraph was used to negotiate a truce. The incident was played up by the yellow journalists.
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Reconcentration Policy
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When Cubans started to rebel, Spaniards begain to reorganize prisoners into labor camps.
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Commodore Dewey, Manila Bay
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May 1, 1898 - Commodore Dewey took his ship into Manila Bay, in the Philippine Islands, and attacked the Spanish Pacific fleet there. The U.S. had been planning to take this strategic port in the Pacific. Dewey caught the Spanish at anchor in the bay and sank or crippled their entire fleet.
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Cleveland and Hawaii
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President Cleveland did not want to forcibly annex Hawaii, so he waited five years to do so. McKinley finally did it. Cleveland felt the annexation overstepped the federal government's power.
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Annexation of Hawaii
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By the late 1800s, U.S. had exclusive use of Pearl Harbor. In July 1898, Congress made Hawaii a U.S. territory, for the use of the islands as naval ports.
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Pujo Committee
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A committee formed to decide the fate of the Philippine Islands after the Spanish-American War.
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Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925)
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Served as Secretary of State under Wilson from 1913-1915, he resigned in protest of U.S. involvement in WW I.
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Arbitration Treaties
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Negotiated by U.S. using arbitration, the mediation of a dispute, Taft promoted these agreements as an alternative to war in Latin America and Asia.
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Panama tolls dispute
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Dispute over canal toll charge between the U.S. and Panama.
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Colonel House
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He was openly pro-British and was sent to Europe by Wilson to mediate. He would tolerate no interference in matters of foreign policy.
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Virgin Islands Purchased
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1917 - U.S. bought them from Denmark and built a naval base to protect the Panama Canal and to prevent Germany's seizure of islands during WWI.
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Jones Act, 1916 (Philippines)
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Promised Philippine independence. Given freedom in 1917, their economy grew as a satellite of the U.S. Filipino independence was not realized for 30 years.
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Jones Act, 1917 (Puerto Rico)
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1917 - Puerto Ricans won U.S. citizenship and the right to elect their own upper house.
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Mexican Revolution, Diaz, Huerta, Carranza
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Diaz was ruler of Mexico for 34 years, and caused much terror and bloodshed. Many people fled to the U.S. to plan a revolution. Huerta, in 1913, overthrew Diaz as dictator and had him murdered. Carranza was the leader of the forces against Huerta. The Mexican Revolution was an unstable situation that led to distrust between the U.S. and Mexico.
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Mexican Migration to the U.S.
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In the 1800's, Mexicans began moving north to work in agriculture. In the 1920's, they moved into the cities. Men outnumbered women. They faced racial discrimination from Whites.
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Watchful Waiting
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Often said by President Monroe during the U.S.'s isolationism period, when the U.S. was trying to stay out of the affairs of other countries in order to avoid war.
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ABC Powers
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1899 - Name given to Argentina, Brazil and Chile. They tried to maintain peace in South and Central America.
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Pancho Villa, General Pershing
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1916 - Villa attacked Columbus, New Mexico and Pershing was directed to follow him into Mexico. Pershing met with resistance and eventually left without finding Pancho Villa.
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Archangel Expedition
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1917 - U.S. sent troops to the Soviet cities of Murmansk and Archangel to reinforce White Russians (non-Communists). The U.S. troops did not fight Communists, but instead defended the ports.
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Sick Man of Europe, Ottoman Empire, Balkan Wars
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Because the Ottoman Empire's internal authority had broken down, it was not able to keep order in Macedonia and Albania, and the Balkans were on the verge of war. After the second Balkan war, Bulgaria was forced to surrender much of the territory it won in the first Balkan war.
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Triple Entente; Allies
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Britain, France and Russia all had economic and territorial ambitions and they all disliked Germany, so they formed an alliance for protection.
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Triple Alliance; Central Powers
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Germany, Austria and Hungary formed an alliance for protection from the Triple Entente.
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Loans to the Allies
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During WWII, loans were offered under the Lend-Lease Act, which became law March 11, 1914. The U.S. spent $54 billion.
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British blockade
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Declared a lose, ineffectual and hence illegal blockade, it defined a broad list of contraband which was not to be shipped to Germany by neutral countries.
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Lusitania, Arabic Pledge, Sussex Pledge
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May 7, 1915 - British passenger ships were regularly sunk by German subs, but the Lusitania had Americans aboard and brought the U.S. into the war. Germany promised to stop submarine warfare.
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Unrestricted submarine warfare
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This was the German practice of attacking any and all shipping to countries it was at war with. It annoyed neutral countries.
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Zimmerman note
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1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile.
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Russian Revolutions, 1917, March and Bolshevik
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After years of oppression, the peasants rebelled against the czars. The first government was democratic and weak, so another revolution overthrew that government and instituted a Communist government lead by the Bolshevik party under Lenin. Lenin pulled Russia out of WWI (The Germans may have aided his rise to power so they would not have to fight on two fronts).
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War declared, April 1917
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U.S. declared war on Germany due to the Zimmerman telegram and the attack on the Lusitania.
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Creel Committee
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Headed by George Creel, this committee was in charge of propaganda for WWI (1917-1919). He depicted the U.S. as a champion of justice and liberty.
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Bond drives
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Campaigns to get people to but government war bonds to finance the war, people traveled around America selling them and it was extremely successful in raising funds.
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War Industries Board
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The most powerful agency of the war, it had to satisfy the allied needs for goods and direct American industries in what to produce.
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Bernard Baruch
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Millionaire, he headed the War Industries Board after 1918.
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AEF
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American Expeditionary Force was the first American ground troops to reach the European front. Commanded by Pershing, they began arriving in France in the summer of 1917.
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Aims of Allies and U.S. at Peach Conference
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Allies wanted Germany to pay reparation for costs of war. Wilson brought 14 points, but only one was accomplished. The harsh punishment sent Germany into a depression and aided the rise of Hitler.
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Wartime manpower losses
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WWI involved violent, modern weapons and old fighting styles. With so many men at war, nations needed other people to work in the factories and other wartime industries.
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Fourteen Points
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Wilson's idea that he wanted included in the WWI peace treaty, including freedom of the seas and the League of Nations.
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Versailles Conference, Versailles Treaty
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The Palace of Versailles was the site of the signing of the peace treaty that ended WW I on June 28, 1919. Victorious Allies imposed punitive reparations on Germany.
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Versailles Delegation
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Led by Wilson, it fought for the inclusion of the 14 Points. Only one to be included was the League of Nations.
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Big Four: Wilson, George, Clemenceau, Orlando
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Leaders of the four most influential countries after World War I - U.S., Britain, France and Italy, respectively.
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League of Nations
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Devised by President Wilson, it reflected the power of large countries. Although comprised of delegates from every country, it was designed to be run by a council of the five largest countries. It also included a provision for a world court.
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Collective Security
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An Article 10 provision of the League charter, it stated that if one country was involved in a confrontation, other nations would support it. Collective security is agreements between countries for mutual defense and to discourage aggression.
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New Nations, self determination
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After WW I, Germany, Eastern Europe and the western portion of the former Russian Empire split into new countries. Wilson wanted them to have their own governments.
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Reparations
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As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.
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Mandate system
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A half-way system between outright imperial domination and independence, it was used to split Germany's empire after WW I.
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Article 10 (Article X) of the Versailles Treaty
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Created the League of Nations.
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Article 231 of the Versailles Treaty
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One of the more controversial articles, it dealt with the legal liability of Germany vs. the moral liability.
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