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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the funciton of sonic hedgehog gene? Where is it produced?
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Patterns A-P axis. Produced at base of limbs in zone of polarizing activity.
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What ist he funciton of the Wnt-7 gene? Where is it produced?
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Patterns dorsal-ventral axis. Produced at apical ectodermal ridge.
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What is the function of the FGF gene? Where is it produced?
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Lengthens limbs, stimulates mesoderm mitosis. Produced at apical ectodermal ridge.
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What is the function of the Hox gene?
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Cranio-caudal segmentation
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When does gastrulation occur by? What is gastrulation?
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Within week 3; formation of 3 tissue layers
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What does the neural tube form and close by?
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Week 4
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What time period is most susceptible to teratogens? Why?
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~Week 4; organogenesis is occuring
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When does the heart begin to beat?
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Week 4
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When do the limb buds begin to form?
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Week 4
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When does the fetal period begin?
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Week 8
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When does genitalia become sexually dimorphic?
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Week 10
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What are the alar and basal plates?
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Alar is doral (sensory), basal is ventral (motor)
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What are some examples of organs formed from endoderm besies the gut tube?
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Lungs, liver, pancreas, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicluar cells
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What is the definition of malformation?
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Intrinsic disruption in the embryonic peroid (weeks 3-8)
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What is the definition of deformation?
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Extrinsic disruption after the embryonic period
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What is the definition of agenesis?
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Absent organ due to absent primordial tissue
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What is the definition of hypoplasia?
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Incomplete organ development with primordial tissue present
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What is the definition of aplasia?
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Absent organ despite presence of primordial tissue
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Teratogenic effect of ACE inhibitors
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Renal agenesis
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Teratogenic effect of alkylating agents
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Absence of digits, multiple anomalies
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Teratogenic effect of
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Ototoxicity
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Teratogenic effect of carbamazepine
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NTDs, craniofacial defects, fingernail hypoplasia, developmental delay, intrauterine growth restriction
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Teratogenic effect of DES
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vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma
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Teratogenic effect of methotrexate
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NTDs
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Teratogenic effect of lithium?
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Ebstein's anomaly (atrializatino of right ventricle)
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Teratogenic effect of phenytoin?
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Fetal hydantoin syndrome: microcephaly, dysmorphic craniofacial features, hypoplastic nails and distal phalanges, cardiac defects, mental retardation, IUGR
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Teratogenic effect of tetracyclines?
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Discolored teeth
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Teratogenic effect of thalidomide?
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Limb defects; "flipper babies"
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Teratogenic effect of valproate?
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NTD defects by inhibiting maternal uptake of folate
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Teratogenic effect of warfarin?
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Bone deformities, fetal hemorrhage, abortion, eye abnormalities
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Effect of cocaine on the embryo?
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Fetal addiction, placental abruption
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Effect of smoking on the embryo?
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IUGR, ADHD, preterm labor, placental problems
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Effect of excess or lack of iodide?
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Congenital goiter/cretinism
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Effect of maternal diabetes on embryo?
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Caudal regression syndrome (anal atresia to sirenomelia), transposition of the great vessels, NTDs
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Effect of vitamin A excess on embryo?
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Spontaneous abortion, cleft palate/cradiac abnormalities
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Effect of X-rays on embryo?
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Microcephaly, mental retardation
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