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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sonic hedgehog gene
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produced at base of limbs for patterning along atnerior/posterior axis
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Wnt-7
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apical ectodemal ridge - at the distal end of each developing limb
dorsal ventral axis |
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FGF gene
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apical ectodemal ridge
important for stimulating mitosis of mesoderm to lengthen limbs |
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homeobox gene
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segmental organisation of embryo in crandiocaudal direction
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when does fertilzed egg become a blatocyst
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day 5
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when does hcg secretion begin? (not necessarily when its clinically detectible)
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within 1 week - at time of implantation of blastocyst
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when does gastrulation occur?
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within 3 weeks
formation of primitive stream, notochord, and neural plate |
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what occurs during embryonic period
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at 3-8 weeks
neural tube formed and closes by wk 4 organogenesis begins |
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when is the highest suseptibility of teratogens?
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embryonic period - 3-8wks
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when does the heart begin to beat in embryonic dev?
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week 4
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limb development occurs
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at week 4 buds form
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fetal period starts
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at week 8
see fetal movement - takes human form |
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when does the fetus develop male/female characteristics
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week 10
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alar plate
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dorsal side of neural tube - forms sensory
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basal plate
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ventral side of neural tube forms motor
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notochord becomes what in the adult
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nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disks
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neural development
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notochord is key for signalling development
induces overlying ectoderm to differneitate to neuroectoderm and the neural plate neural plate forms neural tube and neural crest cells |
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rules of 2 for 2nd week
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2 germ layers - epiblast, hypoplast
2 cavities - amniotic, yolk sac 2 placental layers - cytotrophoblast, syncytotrophoblast |
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rules of 3 for 3rd week
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3 germ layers (after gastrilation) - ecotdem, mesoderm, endoderm
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rules of 4 for 4th week
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4 heart chambers form
4 limbs buds form |
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surface ectoderm forms what
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adenohypophysis (from rathke)
lens of eye oral cavity lining sensory of ear olfactory epidermis sweat, saliva, mamary glands |
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neruoectoderm froms what
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brain (neruohypophysis, olidodendrocytes, asterocytes, ependymal cells, penial gland), retina, sprinal cord
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neural crest cells
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autonomic nervous system
peripheral nervous system dorsal root ganglion chromaffin cells of adrenal medullar parafollicular C cells of tyhroid schwann cells pia, arachnoid bones of skull odontoblasts aorticopulmonary septum |
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endoderm
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gut tube epithelium and derivatives - lung, GI, liver, pancreas, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells
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mesoderm
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muscle, bone, CT, lining of body cavities (peritoneum), spleen, cadiovascular structures, lymph, blood, bladder, urethra, vagina, eustachian tube, kidneys, adrenal cortext, skin dermis, testes, ovaries
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mesoderm defects
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VACTERL
vertebral defect anal atresia cardiac defect tracheo-esiphageal fistula renal defects limb defects |
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all or none effects of teratogens usually occur...
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before week 3
after week 8 growth and function is affected |
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ACE inhibitors effect on fetus
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renal damage
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alcohol effect on fetus
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leading cause of birth defects
leading cause of mental retardation fetal alch syndrome |
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alkylating agents effect on fetus
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absence of digits
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aminoglycosides effect on fetus
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CN VIII toxicity
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Cocain effect on fetus
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placental abruption
abnormal fetal development and fetal addiction to cocaine |
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Diethylstilbestrol effect on fetus
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vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma
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folate anatgonist effect on fetus
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neural tube defects
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iodide (lack or excess) effect on fetus
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congenital goiter or hypothyroidism
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lithium effect on fetus
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ebstein's anomaly - atrialized right ventricle
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maternal diabetes effect on fetus
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caudal regression syndrome (anal atresia to sirenomelia)
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smoking effect on fetus
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preterm labor, placental problems, IUGR, ADHD
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tetracyclines effect on fetus
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discolored teeth
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thalidomide effect on fetus
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flipper limbs
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valproate effect on fetus
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inhibition of intestinal folate absorption
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vitamin A excess effect on fetus
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high risk for spontaneous abortions and birth defects (cleft palate, cardiac)
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warfarin effect on fetus
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bone deformities, fetal hemorrhage
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fetal alchohol syndrome
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leading cause of congenital malformations in US
microcephaly, holoprosencephaly, facial abnormalities, limb dislocaiton, heart and lung fistulas inhibition of cell migration |
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a dichorionic, diamniotic placenta usually occurs when
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before 3 days
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a monochorionic diamniotic placents forms when
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between 3-8 days
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a monochorionic, monoamnioitic placenta forms
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after 8 days
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T/F a monochorionic, diamniotic placenta can be due to fraternal twins
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FALSE
monozygotic twins only |
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T/F monozygotic twin can have a dichorionic, diamniotic placenta
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true
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fetal component of placenta
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cytotrophoblast - inner layer of the chorionic villi
syncytiotrophoblast - outer layer of the chorionic villi - protudces hCG |
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maternal component of placenta
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decudua basalis from the endometrium
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failure of the urachus to olbiterate causes
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patent urachus - urine discharge from umbilicus
or vesicourachal diverticulum - outpouching of bladder |
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vitelline duct
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connects yolk sac to midgut lumen
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urachal duct
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duct between bladder an yolk sac
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failed vitelline duct closure
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should happen at 7th week
persistance -> vitelline fisutla -> meconium discharge from umbilicus meckel's diverticulum - partial closure with a portio attached to iluem - ectopic gastric mucosa -> melena, periumbilical pain |
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truncus arteriosus gives rise to
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ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
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bulbus cordis gives rise to
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right ventricle and smooth parts of right and left ventricle
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primitive ventricle gives rise to
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becomes trabeculated part of R and L ventricle
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primitive atria gives rise to
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trabeculated L and R atrium
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left horn of sinus venosus gives rise to
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cornoary sinus
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right horn of sinus venousus gives rise to
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smooth part of right atrium
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right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein gives rise to
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superior vena cava
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interventricular septum development
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muscular ventricular septum forms - leaves an opening interventricular foramen
AP septum meets and fuses with the muscular septum to form membranous interventricular sptum growth of endocardial cushion sparates atria from ventricles |
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defects in interventricular septum development
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membranous septal defect causes L->R shunt initially
then eisenmenger's |
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formation of interatrial septum
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septum primum frows toward endocardial cushion -> obliterates the foramen primum
perforation in septum primum form foramen secundum foramen secundum maintains R->L shunt as septum secundum begins to grow septum secundum has a permanent opening (foramen ovale) foramen secundum enlargers and upper part of septum primum degens remaining part of septum primum creates a one way valve over the foramen ovale septum secundum and septum primum fuse after birth due to increase LA pressure |
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fetal erythropoiesis
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yolk sac 3-8 weeks
liver 6-30weeks spleen 9-28 weeks bone marrow 28wk+ |
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fetal hemoglobin
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alpha2gamma2
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ductus venosus
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blood through umbilical vein conducts past ductus venosus to IVC - by pass liver
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ductus arteriosus
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deoxygenated blood through the SVC -> right ventricle -> pulm artery -> ductus arteriosus -> aorta
bypass lungs |
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foramen ovale
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oxygenated blood from IVC -> foamen ovale -> aorta
bypass the lungs |
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what causes closure of the foamen ovale
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infant breath
causes decrease in resistance in pulmonary and increases left atrial pressure |
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what causes the closure of the ductus arteriosus
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increased O2 causes decreased prostaglandins -> closure of ductus
indomethacin will close the PDA prostaglandins will keep it open |
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prosencephalon forms what
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telencephalon --> cerebral hemisphere, lateral ventricles
diencephalon --> thalami, 3rd venticle |
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mesencephalon forms what
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midbrain, aqueduct
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rhombencephalon forms what
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metencephalon -> pons, cerebellum, 4th ventricle
myelencephalon -> medulla |
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neural tube defect
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neuropore failed closure
associated to low folic acid intake see elevated AFP in amniotic fluid and maternal serum increased AFP and acetylcholinesterase in CSF |
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spina bifida occulta
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failed bony spinal canal to close - no herniation - dura is intact
see tuft of hair at site on back |
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meningocele
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meninges herniate through spinal canal defect
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myelomeningocele
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meninges and spinal cord herniate through spinal canal defect
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anencephaly
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malformation of anterior end of neural tube - no brain, no calvarum
elevated AFP and polyhydramnios (due to no swollow center in brain) |
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holoprosencephaly
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failed separation of hemispheres across midline
cyclopia associated with Patau, fetal alch syndrome, cleft lip/palat |
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Chiari II
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cerebellar tonsillar herniation through foramen magnum
aqueductal stenosis hydrocephaly often see with syringiomyelia, throacolumbar myelomeningocele |
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dandy walker
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large posterior fossa with ABSENT cerebellar vermis
cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle see hydrocephalus and spina bifida |
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syringomyelia
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enlargement of central canal of spinal cord
crossing fibers of spinothaamic tract are damaged -> BILATERAL loss of pain and temp intact touch sensation |
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1st aortic arch devs into
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part maxillary artery
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2nd aortic arch devs into
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stapedial artery and hyoid artery
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3rd aortic arch develops into
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common carotid artery and proximal internal carotid
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4th aortic arch develops into
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LEFT - aortic arch
Right - proximal right subclavian artery |
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6th aortic arch develops into
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proximal part of pulmonary arteries
LEFT - ductus arteriosus |
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branchial clefts derives from
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derived from ectoderm
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branchial arches derives from
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derived from mesoderm and neural crest
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branchial pouches derives from
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derived from endoderm
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which part of branchial apparatus forms the external auditory meatus
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1st branchial cleft
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what does the 2nd branchial cleft turn into
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2-4 form temprary cervical sinuses which are later obliterated
if persistent -> branchial cleft cyst |
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derivatives of the 1st branchial arch
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mostly the muscles and bones of chewing:
meckel's cartilage -> mandible, malleus, incus, sphenomandibular muscles of mastication - tmeporalis, masseter, medial ptyergoid, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensory tempany, tensory veli palatini, anterior 2/3 of tongue nerves CN V2, V3 |
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teacher collins syndrome
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1st arch neural crest fail to migrate -> mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormalities
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derivatives of the 2nd branchial arch
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richert's cartilage - stapes, styloid process, less horn of hyoid, stylohyoid ligament
muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric Nerves: CN VII |
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derivatives of 3rd branchial arch
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greater horn of hyoid
stylopharyngeus CN IX (innervates stylopharyneus) |
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congenital pharyngocutaneous fistula
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persistence of cleft and pouch -> fistula between tonsillar area, cleft in lateral neck
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derivatives of the 4th-6th branchial arches
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thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform
4th - pharyngeal constrictors, crycothyroid, levator veli palatini + CN X sup laryngeal 6th all intrinisic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid - CN X recurrent laryngeal |
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1st branchial pouch derivatives
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midle ar cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells (endoderm lined tissues of the ear)
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2nd branchial pouch derivatives
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epithelial lining of palatine tonsil
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3rd branchial pouch derivatives
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dorsal wings -> superior parathyroid
ventral wings -> thymus |
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4th branchial pouch derivatives
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dorsal wings -> superior parathyroid
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taste is contolled by which CN
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CN VII, IX, X
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tongue pain is noted by which CN
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V3, IX, X
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posterior 1/3 of tongue formed by which branchial arches
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3rd and 4th
explains why taste is CN IX, X |
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anterior 2/3 of tongue formed which which branchial arch
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1st
explains why innervation is CN V and taste is VII |
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foramen cecum
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remnant of thyroglossal duct
can get ectopic thyroid tissue |
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thyroglossal duct cyst
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if foramen cecum does not close
can get a cyst in the midline of neck that will move with swallowing a branchial cleft cyst is lateral and does not move with swollow |
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cleft lip
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failed fusion of maxillary and medial nasal processes
failed formation of primary palate |
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cleft palate
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failed fusion of lateral palatine, the nasal septum, and median palatine process
failed formation of 2ndary palate |
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foregut, midgut, hindgut
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foregut - mouth to duodenum
midgut - duodenum to transverse colon hindgut - colon to rectum |
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gastroschisis
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extrusion of abdominal contents through abdominal folds - not covered by peritoneium
vs omphalocele (covered in peritoneium) |
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omphalocele
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persistence of herniation of abdominal contents into umbilical cord, covered by peritoneum
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failed rostral fold closure
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sternal defects
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failed lateral fold closure
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omphalocele, fastroschisis
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failed caudal fold closure
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bladder exstrophy
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duodenal atresia is associated with what genetic disorder
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trisomy 21
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what week does midgut herniate through umbilical ring
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6th
returns at 10th |
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what happens with failed rotation of midgut
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omphalocele, intestinal atresia or stenosis, volvulus
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tracheoesophageal fistula
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abnormal connection between esophagus and trachea
most common blind upper esophagus with lower esophageal fistula with trachea cyanosis, chocking, vomiting with feeding, air bubble in stomach polyhydramnois, peumonitis |
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congenital pyloric stenosis
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hypertrophy of pyloris
paplapble olive mass in epigastric region nonbilious projectile vomiting at 2 weeks |
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pancreas is formed from which part of gut
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foregut
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dorsal and vental pancreatic buds form the:
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pancreatic head, and main pancreatic duct
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ventral pancreatic bud alone forms
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uncinate process
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dorsal pancreatic bud forms:
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body, tail, isthmus, and accessory pancreatic duct
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annular pancreas
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ventral pancreatic bud forms a ring around duodenum - duodenal narrowing possible
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spleen arises from
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dorsal mesentary (mesodermal origin)
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pancras divisum
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failed fusion of pancreatic buds at 8 weeks
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metanephros
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permanent kidney - begins at 5th week gestation
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mesonephros
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functions as interim kidney for 1st trimester
contributes to male genital system |
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ureteric bud
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from caudal end of mesonephros
gives rise to ureter, pelvices of kidney, calyces, and collecting duct |
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most common site of obstruction in fetus
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uretopelvic junction - last to canalize - most common site of obstruction
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potter's syndrome
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bitlareal renal agenesis -> oligohydramnios -> limb deformities, facial deformity
malformation of ureteric bud |
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what causes differentiation and formation of glomerulous and renal tubules?
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ureteric bud interacts with metanephric mesenchyme
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horseshoe kidney
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inferior poles of kidney fuse - kidneys get stuck on inerfior mesenteric artery - can't ascend
kidney functions normally |
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SRY gene
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on Y chromosome
induces testes development -> suppression of female development and initiation of male development (Via MIF and testosterone) testis dermining factor |
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mullerian inhibitory factor
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secreted by testis sertoli cells -> suppress development of paramesonephric duct
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Mesoneprhic ducts
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develops into male internal structure
SEED seminal vesicles ejeculatory duct epididymus ductus deferins |
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paramesonephric duct
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develops female internal structure
fallopian tube, uterus, upper 1/3 of vigina |
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bicornuate uterus
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incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts
increased risk of urinary tract abnormalities |
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hypospadia
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abnormal opening of penile urethra on inferior/ventral side due to failed urethral fold to close
risk for UTI |
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epispadia
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abnormal opening of penile urethra on superior/dorsal side of penis due to fault position of genital tubercle
exstrophy of bladder assocated with epispadia |
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gubernaculum remnant
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females - ovarian ligament + round ligament of uterus
males - anchors testes to scrotum |
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processus vaginalis remnant
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female - obliterated
males - forms tunica vaginalis |
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prostate develops from
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ureogenital sinus
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labioscrotal swelling forms
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males - scrotum
female - labia majora |
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urogenital folds form
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male - ventral shaft of penis
female - labia minora |
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ureogenital sinus forms
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male - bulbourethral clands of cowper, prostate
female - greater vestibular gland of bartholin, urethral and paraurethral glands of skene |
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genital tubercle
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males - forms glans penis, corupus cavernosum and spongiosum
females - glans clitoris, vestibular bulbs |
