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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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After fertilization, what is the term given to the collection of cells that is implanted?
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* Blastocyst (Day 5)
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What is the rule of 2's for the 2nd week of development?
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* 2 germ layers (bilaminar disc): epiblast and hypblast
2 cavities: yolk sac and amniotic cavity 2 placental components: syncia and cytotrophoblast |
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What is the rule of 3's for the 3rd week?
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* 3 germ layers: ecto, endo, and mesoderm
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What is the rule of 4's for the 4th week?
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* 4 heart chambers and 4 limb buds
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General things that the ectoderm forms:
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* Brain/Neuro stuff
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General things the endoderm forms:
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* Gut/GI stuff (lungs, liver, pancreas, thymus, para/thyroid, etc.)
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General things the mesoderm forms:
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* Connective tissues (dura, muscle, bone, cardio, lymphatics, blood, urogential structures, serous linings, spleen, adrenal cortex, kidneys)
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Teratogen that would cause "flipper limbs":
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* Thalidomides
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Most common meds/substances that can cause birth defects:
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* EtOH, ACE inhibitors, Cocaine, DES, iodide, vitamin A, thalidomide, tobacco, and warfarin/x-rays/anticonvulsants
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Leading cause of congenital malformations in the USA:
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* EtOH (Fetal alcohol syndrome)
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How many placentas and amniotic sacs are seen with monozygotic and dizygotic twins?
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* Mono = 1 placenta, 2 amnio sacs, 1 chorion
Dizygotes = 2 placenta, 2 amnio sacs, 2 chorions |
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The maternal component of the placenta is ______ and it is derived from _________.
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* Maternal component is DECIDUA BASALIS and is derived from ENDOMETRIUM
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What are the main structures seen in the umbilical cord?
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* 2 umbilical arteries (deox blood), 1 umbilical vein (ox blood), and 1 urachus (waste removal)
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In the umbilical cord, there are 2 of these structures that carry de-oxygenated blood:
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* 2 umbilical arteries (the umbilical vein carries the oxygen to the baby)
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The umbilical arteries/vein are all derived from _______ which the urachus connects to the fetal bladder.
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* Allantois
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The embryologic truncus arteriosis gives rise to:
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* Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
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The septum secundum will eventually contain this permanent opening in the fetus:
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* Foramen ovale
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The septum primum will form this part of the foramen ovale:
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* The valve of the foramen ovale
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Pneumonic to remember fetal erythropoiesis:
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* Young Liver Synthesizes Blood
(Y)olk sac (3-8wks) (L)iver (6-30wks) (S)pleen (9-28wks) (B)one marrow (28wk onward) |
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What are the components of fetal hemoglobin?
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* alpha2/gamma2
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3 important shunts in fetal life:
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* Ductus venosus (umbilical vein to IVC)
Foramen Ovale (IVC on to aorta and body) Ductus Arteriosis (SVC/pulm artery to lower body of fetus) |
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When increased left atrial pressure in an infant closes the foramen ovale it is called the:
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* Fossa ovalis
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This substance would help keep open a PDA:
This substance would help close a PDA: |
* Keeps open PDA = prostaglandin
Closes PDA = Indomethacin |
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The umbilical vein and umbilical artery becomes these adult structures:
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* Umbilical vein = ligamentum teres hepaticus
Umbilical artery = medial umbilical ligament |
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The ductus arteriosus and ductus venosus become what adult structures:
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* DA = ligamentum arteriosum
DV = ligamentum venosum |
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What does the allantois/urachus become in an adult:
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* Median umbilical ligement
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What does the notochord become in the adult:
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* The nucleus pulposus of discs
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1st aortic arch is associated with what artery:
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* 1st arch is MAX-- maxillary artery
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The 2nd aortic arch is associated with what arteries:
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* 2nd is Stapedial-- stapedial and hyoid arteries
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The 3rd aortic arch is associated with what artery:
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* C is 3rd letter in the alphabet-- Carotid
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The 4th aortic arch is associated with:
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* 4th is systemic= aortic arch and right subclavian
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The 6th aortic arch is associated with:
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* 6th = pulmonary and ductus arteriosus
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What layers do clefts, arches, and pouches, give rise to?
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* CAP (outer to inner)
Cleft = Ectoderm (outer) Arch = Mesoderm Pouch = Endoderm |
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What is derived from Branchial Arch 1?
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* 1st Arch = M's
Meckels cartilage, Muscles of mastication, and nerves CN V2 and V3 |
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What is derived from Branchial Arch 2?
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* 2nd Arch = S's
Stapes, Styloid, Stapedius muscle, Stylohyoid muscle, and nerve CN 7 (Facial) |
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What is derived from Branchial Arch 3?
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* 3rd Arch = CN 9 (glossopharyngeal)
Stylopharyngeus and the nerve that innervates it: CN IX (glossopharyngeal) |
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These 2 arches form the posterior 3rd of the tongue:
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* Arches 3 and 4
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The 6th arch gives rise to:
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* All intrinsic muscles of the larynx (except the cricothyroid)
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The 4th and 6th arch give rise to what to branches of CN X (vagus)?
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* 4th arch = CN X Superior laryngeal
6th arch = CN X Recurrent laryngeal |
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The external auditory meatus is derived from what cleft?
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* the 1st branchial cleft
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Problems with formation of these 2 pouches leads to DiGeorge syndrome:
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* Pouches 3 and 4
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What do the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches form?
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* 3rd pouch = inferior parathyroids and thymus
4th pouch = superior parathyroids |
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What does the 2nd pouch form?
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* the palantine tonsils
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What does the 1st pouch form?
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* middle ear cavity, eustacian tube, and mastoid air cells
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Taste on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is from what cranial nerve?
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* CN 7 (facial nerve)
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Taste AND sensation on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is from this cranial nerve:
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* CN 9 (glossopharyngeal)
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Motor innervation of the tongue is by what nerve:
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* CN XII (hypoglossal)
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What is the normal remnant of the foramen cecum?
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* The thyroglossal duct
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Failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes is:
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* Cleft lip
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Failure of fusion of the lateral palantine processes, the nasal septum, and/or the medial palantine processes is:
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* Cleft palate -- if a palantine process is involved it is cleft PALATE
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Pneumonic for remembering what forms the diaphragm:
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* Several Parts Build Diaphragm
(S)eptum transversum (P)leuroperitoneal folds (B)ody wall (D)orsal mesentery of esophagus |
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What parts of the pancreas is derived from the ventral pancreatic bud?
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* Pancreatic head, uncinate process, and main pancreatic duct
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The foregut runs from where to where?
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* Pharynx to duodenum
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The midgut runs from where to where?
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* Duodenum to transverse colon
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The hindgut runs from where to where?
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* Distal transverse colon to rectum
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Is Meso or Metonephros a permanent part of kidney embryology?
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* META-nephros is permanent
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What is derived from the UG sinus?
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* Bladder, urethra, allantois
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What gene on the Y-chromosome codes for testis-determining factor?
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* the SRY gene
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What substance in males suppresses the paramesonephric ducts and stimulates development of the wolffian duct (mesonephric duct)?
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* Mullerian inhibiting substance
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What does the paramesonephric duct (mullerian duct) give rise to?
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* Fallopian tubes, uterus, and part of vagina
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What does the mesonephric (wolffian duct) give rise to:
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* SEED
(S)eminal vesicles (E)pididymis (E)jaculatory duct (D)uctus deferens -- doesn't give rise to the prostate |
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What male/female structures are derived from the genital tubercle?
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* the glans penis/clitoris
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What gives rise to the prostate gland?
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* the UG sinus
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Does the UG sinus give rise to the scrotum and labia majora?
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* No
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In what phase of the cell cycle are oocytes arrested in?
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* Metaphase II
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What are the 2 types of ectopic cells found in a meckels diverticulum?
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* Gastric and pancreatic cells
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Sertoli cells are found INside the tubules and secrete:
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* Mullerian inhibiting substance
(Leydig cells are outside the tubules and secrete Testosterone) |
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What part of the sperm is derived from the golgi apparatus?
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* the Acrosome
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Most common implantation site in an ectopic pregnancy:
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* Ampulla of the uterine tube
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Primary site of testicular cancer metastasis:
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* Para-aortic and lumbar lymph nodes
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Only muscle from the 3rd pharyngeal arch is:
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* The stylopharyngeus (which elevates the pharynx/larynx) it is innervated by the CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)
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This vessel gets in the way when there is a congenital horse-shoe kidney:
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* the Inferior mesenteric artery
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Coarcation of the aorta is frequently seen with this genetic picture:
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* Turners syndrome (XO)
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Most common congenital cardiac anomaly that is heard as a holosystolic murmur:
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* VSD
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Cardiac anomaly often associated with a maternal rubella infection:
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* PDA
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How many branchial pouches are there, and which does they thymus come from?
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* 4 branchial pouches and the thymus is from the 3rd pouch (along with the inferior parathyroids)
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Failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral results in:
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* Transposition of the great vessels
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The cricothyroid muscle of the larynx is derived from what branchial arch?
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* Arch 4
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Moms are most susceptible to teratogens during what time span?
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* 3rd through the 8th week
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An infant with small jaw, low set ears, and CLENCHED fists think:
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* Trisomy 18 (Edward's syndrome)
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A pt with a PDA would have a defect from what branchial arch?
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* Arch 6
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Increased maternal alpha-fetoprotein levels are associated with:
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* Neural tube defects
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Oligohydraminos are associated with what conditions?
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* Bilateral renal agenesis
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This is the origin of the smooth parts of the right/left ventricles of the heart:
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* the Bulbus cordis
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Polyhydraminos are often seen with this condition:
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* Transesophageal fistula
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95% of patients with cystic fibrosis are infertile d/t what developmental anomaly?
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* Improper development of the mesonephric ducts (wolffian ducts)
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A mom who has a kid with microcephaly, a blueberry muffin rash, and hearing/sight impairment, probably had what infection?
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* CMV infection
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Rubella infection often predisposes an infant to what cardiac anomaly?
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* PDA
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A child with a large sacral tumor composed of many cell types has:
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* A sacrococcygeal teratoma (persistence of the primitive streak)
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A kid with Arnold-Chiari malformation will have loss of what sense?
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* Pain (a syringomyelic syndrome)
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From birth to puberty, ooctyes are arrested at what stage?
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* Prophase of Meiosis I
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Placental component that is maternal:
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* Lacunar network
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