Final Exam Sociology

Front 1

What type of Culture views time as linear? (past, present, and future?

Back 1

Monochronic Culture

Front 2

A Culture changing due to contact and sharing with another culture is an example of:

Back 2

Non-Material

Front 3

The Saphir-Whorf thesis postulates that:

Back 3

People experience the world through the culture lens of language.

Front 4

The double burden on women is an example of:

Back 4

Cultural Lag

Front 5

If you judge the norms and values of another culture by your own standards you are being:

Back 5

Ethocentric

Front 6

True or False:
Archetypes are basic ideas and themes that appear across cultures.

Back 6

True

Front 7

True or False:
MOST cultures eventually go through a process of change.

Back 7

False.
ALL do

Front 8

True or False:
A plural concept of cultures has been dismissed by modern social science.

Back 8

False

Front 9

True of False:
People in the US believe in equality of opportunity, yet they may also look down on others because o their sex or race.

Back 9

True

Front 10

True or False:
Carl Jung believes that the shadow archetype represented the universal memory of a great flood.

Back 10

False

Front 11

True or False:
People bonding together because they share some common values and beliefs is an example of organic solidarity

Back 11

False.

Front 12

The correct term to describe a statistical relationship between two variables?

Back 12

Correlation

Front 13

Ice Cream sales in New York City increasing at the same time as shark attacks in the state of Florida is an example of what?

Back 13

Positive & Spurious Correlation

Front 14

If you are given an English Test to measure your math ability, the test would not be what?

Back 14

Valid

Front 15

What research method relies upon mathematical formulas and statics?

Back 15

Quantitative

Front 16

According to Max Weber, a social scientist should strive to be what?

Back 16

Objective

Front 17

What approach to sociological research rejects the notion of objectivity?

Back 17

Formal Scientific

Front 18

True or False:
The Principle of falsifiablity suggest that we should only apply the scientific method if we can prove or disprove our ideas by measuring the empirical world around us.

Back 18

True.

Front 19

True or False:
Having a general idea/theory about what you are going to find before you gather specific evidence is an example of inductive logic.

Back 19

False,
Deductive.

Front 20

True or False:
Studying behavior and actions of human beings is considered to be macro-level science

Back 20

False.
Meso-Level

Front 21

True or False:
In an experiment the scientist manipulated the independent variable.

Back 21

True

Front 22

True or False:
The median is the statistical average of a group of numbers,

Back 22

False.
Mean - Average
Median - middle number
Mode - Most Occurring

Front 23

True or False:
Studies that uncover correlations prove cause and effect.

Back 23

False

Front 24

Modernization theory identifies what as the greatest barrier to economic development?

Back 24

Cultural Traditions

Front 25

What Social theorist is identified with modernization theory?

Back 25

Rostow

Front 26

According to Rostow, nations begin at the ____ stage of development and may eventually reach the stage of _______.

Back 26

Traditional; high mass consumption

Front 27

According to the Davis-Moore Thesis:

Back 27

more important jobs must yield sufficient rewards to attract the talent necessary to perform them.

Front 28

Modernization theory states that rich nations can aid the economic development of poor nations by:

Back 28

assisting in population control;
increasing food production;
increasing industrial production.

Front 29

Dependency theory differs from modernization theory by:

Back 29

explaining global inequality terms of the exportation of poor countries by rich nations.

Front 30

According to Immanuel Wallerstien, which nations are the "core" of the world economy?

Back 30

high-income nations

Front 31

What Factors did Wallerstien consider to be a cause of dependency?

Back 31

narrow, export oriented economies;
lack of industrial capacity;
foreign Debt.

Front 32

What Factor did Wallerstien NOT consider to be a cause of dependency?

Back 32

lack of integration into the world economy.

Front 33

True or False:
The Davis-Moore Thesis states that social stratification has beneficial consequences for society.

Back 33

True

Front 34

True or False:
A pro-athlete making more money than a grade school teacher supports the Davis-Moore thesis.

Back 34

False

Front 35

True of False:
According to Tumin, it is easy to define what jobs are more vital to the success of society.

Back 35

False;
its hard and difficult.

Front 36

True or False:
Modernization theory focuses on the production of wealth, while dependency theory focuses on the distribution.

Back 36

True.

Front 37

Emile Durkheim;s basic insight is the deviance is:

Back 37

a normal functional element of a society.

Front 38

What sociological terms refers to "the recognized violation of cultural norms?"

Back 38

deviance

Front 39

Edwin's Sutherland's differential association theory links deviance to:

Back 39

The amount of contact a person has with others who encourage or discourage the behavior in question.

Front 40

The basic idea behind labeling theory is that:

Back 40

deviance arises not as much from what people do, but to how other respond to what they do.

Front 41

What are some of the functions of deviance, according to Durkheim?

Back 41

affirms cultural values;
encourages social change;
unites a group.

Front 42

What is NOT something that is NOT a function of deviance, according to Durkheim?

Back 42

teaches youth to be deviant

Front 43

True or False:
According to Robert Agnew and general strain theory , strain can only result from unequal access to the legitimate means necessary to achieve the American Dream.

Back 43

False it was Robert Mertain

Front 44

True or False:
Violent crime has risen rapidly in our society over that past ten years.

Back 44

False;
it has DECREASED.

Front 45

True or False:
Crime is only one type of deviance.

Back 45

True

Front 46

True or False:
Labeling theory stresses that some actions are always wrong and others are always right.

Back 46

False;
depends on how they respond.

Front 47

True or False:
According to Kholberg, believeing a behavior is ethically wrong because its illegal is an example of pre-conventional morality.

Back 47

False:
feels good is good.
feels bad is bad.
is pre-conventional morality.

Front 48

Durkheim's four functions of religion

Back 48

Discipline
Cohesive
Revitalizing
Euphoric

Front 49

Five Institutions of Society

Back 49

Family
Religion
Education
Economy
Government

Front 50

Four characteristics of the hero archetype.

Back 50

Orphan
Flaw
On a Quest
Underdog
Relucant

Front 51

Four agents of socialization

Back 51

Peer Groups
Media
School
Family

Front 52

Three Characteristics of a total institution

Back 52

Supervised
Uniform
Schedule that Same

Front 53

The birth of sociology in Western Europe coincided with what?

Back 53

the Industrial Revolution

Front 54

If you judge the norms and values of another culture by your own standards are being what?

Back 54

Ethnocentric

Front 55

Mead placed the origin of the self in what?

Back 55

social experience

Front 56

According to Durkheim, a society that is held together by the common beliefs, values, and traditions of its people is experiencing?

Back 56

Mechanical Solidarity

Front 57

What is Micro-Level Science?

Back 57

studying the minute/ the virtually invisible. Atomic/sub-atomic level.

Front 58

What is Macro-Level Science?

Back 58

examining phenomena on a mass scale (astronomy) from total control of the variables to no control. we can measure and observe from afar.

Front 59

What is Meso-Level Science?

Back 59

Human Size.
Social Behavior science.

Front 60

What sociologist was interested in the "free will" that we posses and the external forces of society that shape and limit our "free will?"

Back 60

Peter Burger

Front 61

What sociological paradigm focuses on communication and perception?

Back 61

Symbolic Interactionism

Front 62

Goffman's study of mental institutions is an example of what?

Back 62

inductive reasoning.

Front 63

Violating a folkways is NOT

Back 63

1) always illegal
2) a "white collar" crime
3) a meritocracy

Front 64

A blind individual whose other senses became more acute allowing that person to live a more normal life would be an example of what?

Back 64

Homeostasis

Front 65

The passing of Culture from one generation to the next is known as what?

Back 65

Cultural Transmission

Front 66

An individual that researches a religion by taking pare in the religion's ceremonies and traditions is gathering evidence by what method?

Back 66

Participant Observation.

Front 67

What sociological paradigm sees society as a groups of institutions working together to promote cohesion and stability?

Back 67

Functionalism.

Front 68

The lifelong social experiences by which individuals develop their human potential and learn culture is known as what?

Back 68

socialization.

Front 69

A culture changing due to contact and sharing with another culture is an example of what?

Back 69

Diffusion

Front 70

Something already made, but found is what?

Back 70

Discovery

Front 71

Something created for the first time is what?

Back 71

Invention

Front 72

If you knew the world was going to end tomorrow and because of this you spend the rest of the day and tonight praying and going to church, according to Durkheim, religion would be serving what function in your life?

Back 72

Euphoric

Front 73

Values and Beliefs are what?

Back 73

symbols

Front 74

What is the star of David, the sacred pipe, and the yin/yang emblem?

Back 74

Religious Symbols

Front 75

What are material comfort, progress, and freedom?

Back 75

US cultural value

Front 76

What is NOT a US cultural Value?

Back 76

group conformity.

Front 77

what ancient part of the brain is only active when we are dreaming?

Back 77

Pons

Front 78

The term positivism refers most closely to what?

Back 78

science

Front 79

Carl Jung's notion of a collective unconscious:

Back 79

violated the principle of falsifibality

Front 80

According to Marx, religion functions,

Back 80

as an opiate of the masses.

Front 81

what do military boot camps, prisons, and mental institutions represent?

Back 81

Total Institutions `

Front 82

Independence, leadership, achievement, and self-fulfillment are valued greatly by what type of culture?

Back 82

Individualistic culture

Front 83

The flow of info around the world is increasing
The flow of ppl around the world is increasing
The flow of goods around the world is increasing
- are reasons for what?

Back 83

Why a World Culture may appear

Front 84

The focus on Lawrence Kohlberg's research was what?

Back 84

Moral Reasoning

Front 85

According to Maslow, what are needed in order for a human being to become self - actualized?

Back 85

Positive self-esteem, safety and security

Front 86

What is a French Term that means state of normlessness?

Back 86

anomie

Front 87

The US cultural belief that the present is better than the past reflects what cultural value?

Back 87

Progress

Front 88

What is ture in regards to cultures that are monochronic?

Back 88

Time is viewed as a commodity

Front 89

Archetypal Stories found in our society

Back 89

Cartoons, Movies, Books

Front 90

An individual who has grown dependent on the environment of a total institution has become what?

Back 90

Institutionalized

Front 91

Cover thins that we are taught in school are often called what?

Back 91

Hidden Curriculm

Front 92

True or False:
Proxemics refers to the study of time.

Back 92

False,
its is Space

Front 93

True or False:
Archetypes are basic ideas and themes that appear across cultures.

Back 93

True

Front 94

True or False:
In a collectivist culture the individual is more important that the group.

Back 94

False

Front 95

True or False:
Harlow has to do with 6 monkeys

Back 95

True

Front 96

True or False:
While the definition of a society includes geographical borders, a culture can cross physical boundaries.

Back 96

True

Front 97

True of False:
Total institutions are used to re-socialize individuals

Back 97

True

Front 98

True or False:
The functionalist paradigm focues on the inequalities found in society.

Back 98

False.
Its Conflict theory

Front 99

True or False:
The principle of falsibility suggests that we should not apply the scientific method if we cannot attempt to prove or disprove our thesis.

Back 99

True

Front 100

True or False:
Carl Jung believed that the shadow archetype represented the universal memory of a great flood.

Back 100

False

Front 101

True or False:
Material culture often reflects non-material culture.

Back 101

True

Front 102

True or False:
Durkheim was the first person to use the term sociology.

Back 102

False.
it was Compte

Front 103

True or False:
In a society that is held together by organic solidarity, punishment for breaking rules is always extremely harsh (retributive)

Back 103

False.
Mechanical

Front 104

True or False:
Having a general idea/theory about what you are going to find before you gather particular evidence is an example of inductive logic.

Back 104

False.
Deductive Logice

Front 105

True or False:
Facial expressions communicate roughly the same thing from culture to culture.

Back 105

True

Front 106

Social stratification refers to what>

Back 106

ranking categories of people in a hiearchy

Front 107

Because of stratification, what has happened?

Back 107

some people have more privileges and opportunities that others do.

Front 108

Emile Durkheim's basic insight is that deviance is what?

Back 108

A normal functional element of society.

Front 109

The term meritocracy refers to social stratification how?

Back 109

base entirely on the personal merit

Front 110

Max Weber considered an individual's social position as what?

Back 110

A matter of economic class
a matter of social status and prestige
A matter of power

Front 111

According to the social-conflict paradigm, what a society calls deviant is based primarily upon what?

Back 111

patterns of inequality terms of power.

Front 112

Absolute Power is what?

Back 112

Life Threatening

Front 113

If an ethnic subpopulation finds a niche in society and prospers, what adaptation is showed?

Back 113

Marginal participation.

Front 114

What social theorist is identified with modernization theory?

Back 114

Rostow

Front 115

Chattel Slavery is what?

Back 115

A type of slavery where one person is owning another.

Front 116

Exaggerated descriptions applied to everyone in some category describes what?

Back 116

Sterotypes.

Front 117

A socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of the same society consider important - describes what?

Back 117

"Race"

Front 118

what is Sterotypes.

Back 118

Exaggerated descriptions applied to everyone in some category

Front 119

What is Race?

Back 119

A socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of the same society consider important

Front 120

Marx
Bourdieu
Weber
- all believed what?

Back 120

They believed that economic status was an important factor in determining social status.

Front 121

Whats the term for a rigid and irrational generalization about an entire category of people?

Back 121

Prejudice
(think, and thoughts)

Front 122

While prejudice is a matter of ____________________, discrimination is a matter of _____________.

Back 122

Attitudes,
behaviors.

Front 123

Assimilation refers to the patterns by what?

Back 123

minorities gradually adopt the patterns of the dominant group.

Front 124

what term refers to the physical and social separations of categories of people?

Back 124

segregation.

Front 125

What is deviance?

Back 125

"the recognized violations of cultural norms"

Front 126

Having enough to survive, yet not as much as your neighbor is an example of what?

Back 126

Relative poverty.

Front 127

Ethnic identity refers to what?

Back 127

what race people see us as.
our national origin.
how people perceive ourselves.

Front 128

"Melting Pot"

Back 128

Assimilation

Front 129

What type of capital, according to Bourdieu, refers to knowing how to act appropriately in a certain environment?

Back 129

Cultural Capital

Front 130

Stanely Lieberson stated that minority groups migrate to do what?

Back 130

To improve their situation.

Front 131

What justification uses the threat of punishment to discourage criminality?

Back 131

Deterrence

Front 132

According to Stanely Lieberson, an indigenous and subordinate (minority) group may face what when coming into contact with a migratory and dominant group?
{worse position}

Back 132

Genocide

Front 133

What refers to a stated in which racial and district minorities are distinct but hat social parity?

Back 133

Pluralism

Front 134

"CRime" differs from "deviance" in that crime:

Back 134

is a violations of norms enacted into laws.

Front 135

a Minor consuming alcohol is an example of what?

Back 135

A status Crime.

Front 136

Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance uses the term _____ to refer to the process of seeking conventional goals but rejection conventional means to get there.

Back 136

Innovation

Front 137

The basic idea behind labeling theory is what?

Back 137

deviance arises not so much from what people do, but to how others respond to what they do.

Front 138

Assume you were listening to a lecture on Durkheim's approach to deviance. What would be the focus of the lecture?

Back 138

Deviance is a functional element of society.

Front 139

Alexander Liazos speaks for the social-conflict approach when he states what?

Back 139

powerless people are at the highest risk of being defined as deviant

Front 140

White - Collar Crime

Back 140

a crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations.

Front 141

what state has executed the most people since 1976?

Back 141

Texas

Front 142

True or False:
The term social mobility refers to changes in peoples position in the social hierarchy.

Back 142

True

Front 143

Social stratification is found where?

Back 143

in ALL societies.

Front 144

True or False:
Racial segregation has always been illegal in the US

Back 144

False

Front 145

True or False:
According to Bourdieu, social capital is all about "who you know"

Back 145

True.
-Networking.

Front 146

True or False:
The Davis-Moore Thesis states that social stratification has beneficial consequences for society.

Back 146

Ture

Front 147

True or False:
The death penalty has proven to be an effective general deterrent in our society.

Back 147

True

Front 148

True or False:
Organized protests are often violent.

Back 148

False.
Nonviolent Nature

Front 149

True or False:
Labeling Theory stresses that some actions are always wrong and others are always right.

Back 149

False

Front 150

True or False:
There has been more than 200 executions in the US since the death penalty was reinstated in 1976.

Back 150

False
1,350

Front 151

Ascription is what?

Back 151

At birth definition

Front 152

True or False:
Dependency Theory claims that some nations are economically poor because they lag behind in development.

Back 152

False.
Modernization.

Front 153

True or False:
According to Rawls, the "veil of ignorance"justifies the welfare states.

Back 153

True

Front 154

true or False:
The term functional alternatives is associated with Karl Marx

Back 154

False.
Herbet Ganz

Front 155

True or False:
because they buy so much raw material, rich nations are now in debt to low-income nations.

Back 155

False

Front 156

True or False:
John Rawls believes that we should only consider a nations economic wealth as a whole when considering how developed that nation is.

Back 156

False:
Consider at below peop

Front 157

True or False:
Herbert Gans believes that poverty functions in many ways benefit society.

Back 157

True

Front 158

True or False:
There are less than 300 million people living below the federal guidelines for poverty in the US.

Back 158

False.
45 mill.

Front 159

True or False:
Modernization theory focuses on the production of wealth, while dependency theory focuses on the distribution on wealth.

Back 159

True

Front 160

True or False:
The old saying,
"an eye for an eye", expresses the essence of rehabilitation.

Back 160

False.
Retribution.

Front 161

True or False:
A majority of the states employ the death penalty.

Back 161

True.
Over 25

Front 162

True or False:
if you have a certain status in society because of whom your parents are, that status is considered ascribed.

Back 162

True.

Front 163

True or False:
Discrimination is an irrational belief about an entire category of people.

Back 163

False.
Discrimination is an (ACTION) belief about an entire category of people.