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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Routes of exposure
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Dermal
Inhalation Oral |
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Dermal exposure
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Inorganic chemicals are not absorbed through intact skin
Organic chemicals may or may not be absorbed |
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Dry powder organics
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Not readily absorbed
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Oily formations
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Penetrate better than dry powdered organics
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Dmso
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Can aid dermal absorption
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Abraided skin
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Is a poor barrier and will likely lead to systemic exposure
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Lung size
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Has much more surface area than the skin
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Lung tissue size
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One to two cells think
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Alveoli make up
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Type 1 epithelial cells
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Type 2 cells
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Epithelial
Clara Macrophages Fibroblasts Endothelial cells Also high in cytochrom and p450 mfo enzyme |
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Rapid gas exchange
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Takes .25 seconds or 1/3 of total transit time for red blood cells
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Fibrosis
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Is scarring of lung tissue which thickens lungs walks and reduces function
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Particle matter sizes
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Inhalabe
Thoracic Repairable |
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Ingestion/absorption
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Can occur anywhere on the gi tract
Infants can absorb through the stomach better than adults |
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Adult vs infant stomachs
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Infants have a pH of 7 or over
Adults are as low as 2 |
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Nitrates in infants
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Nitrates reduce oxygen transport. Low oxygen will cause infants to have blue skin
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Nitrates
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10pp. Can cause negative effects to.infants
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Combination exposure
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Most commons way for individuals to become intoxicated with heavy metals
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Influence of route on toxicity
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Parathion inhibit cholinesterase enzymes regardless of how they enter the body
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Reasons why toxicity varies with route
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Quantity
Pathway The route of exposure that allows the most into the body is most toxic |
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Toxicity of species
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No species other than humans experience ocular damage from methanol
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TOCP
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Acutely and chronically of all routes to humans and chickens but not to dogs or rats
Demylenates nerve fibers Will cause paralysis |
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What do humans and Dalmatians have in common
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Both concentrate uric acid
causes kidney/bladder stones and gout |
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Why rats work
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Rats do not vomit so they have no choice but to absorb toxin
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Animal testing
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There is no perfect animal model
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How age affects toxicity
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Children consume more food per body weight
Children's cells divide more quickly therefore more opportunities for DNA damage Children are more sensitive to toxins than adults |
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State of health
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Nacl is harmless to healthy people yet cause liver damage to those with heart damage
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Biochemical individuality
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Genetic
Humans who have fragile rbc's are more susceptible to hemolytic agents |
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Adaption
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Tolerance!
Arsenic eaters of styria |
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Adaption examples
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Adaptive inducible enzymes are believed to be responsible for most adaptive behavior
Yeast which metabolizes glucose |
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Light effects
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Not a major factor in toxicity
Infants and bilirubin |
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Vitamin D
SAD |
Causes rickets - vitamin D
Seasonal affective disorder |
