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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Osteopenia |
-low BMD without increased risk of fracture -between (-1) - (-2.4) standard deviations below the norm |
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Osteoporosis |
-low BMD with increased risk of fracture -below (-2.5) standard deviations below the norm |
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Type 1 Osteoporosis |
-affects women -also called post-menopausal, estrogen deficient and osteoclast-mediated osteoporosis -increased osteoclast and normal osteoblast activity |
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Type 2 Osteoporosis |
-affects men and women -also called age-related, senile, and osteoblast-mediated osteoporosis -decreased osteoblast and normal osteoclast activity |
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Non Controllable Risk Factors for Osteoporosis |
-gender (females > males) -age (older>younger) -race (Caucasian, Asian>AFAM) -family history (if mother or gma has it) -frame size (small>large) |
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Controllable Risk Factors for Osteoporosis |
-physical activity -diet (low Ca and Vit D intake) -hormonal status (can get HRT) -smoking (inhibits estrogen) -caffeine (excess increases Ca excretion in urine) -alcohol (alcoholics get poor nutrition) |
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Mechanical Factors Affecting Force Produciton |
-Length-Tension Relationship -Force-Velocity Relationship -CSA -Muscle Architecture -Stretch-Shortening Cycle
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Proprioception |
-kinesthesis or kinesthetic sense -knowing where body parts are relative to one another -utilize Vestibular Apparatus and Muscle Spindle |
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Vestibular Apparatus |
-located in inner ear -primarily involved in head movements and balance -info is linked to the brain via the Vestibulocochlear N |
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Vestibular Apparatus (1st Set) |
-fluid filled organs called the utricle and saccule, and the receptor is the macula -deal with linear movement
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Vestibular Apparatus (2nd Set) |
-3 bones called semicircular canals are the organs, and the receptor is the crista ampularis -deal with angular movement |
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Muscle Spindle |
-capsules located in skeletal MM with Intrafusal fibers (in spindle) lying parallel to Extrafusal (skeletal MM) fibers -respond to MM changes in length and rate of change -intrafusal contain 2 nuclear bag fibers near the middle and 5 nuclear chain fibers near the peripheries |
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Annulospinal Nerve Endings (Intrafusal Fibers) |
-an afferent pathway -located on central portion of each intrafusal and provide sensory info about rate of change |
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Flower Spray Nerve Endings (Intrafusal Fibers) |
-an afferent pathway -located on either end of nuclear chain fibers and provide sensory info about length of fibers |
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Gamma Fusimotor Neuron (Intrafusal Fibers) |
-an efferent pathway at the ends of each intrafusal fiber |
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Myotatic Reflex |
-associated with the muscle spindle -also called the stretch or patellar reflex -a rapid stretch of the quad (from the stretching of the patellar tendon) results in a contraction of the agonist and co-inhibition of the antagonist |
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Golgi Tendon Organ Reflex |
-also called inverse myotatic or clasp knife reflex -GTO is sensitive to pressure, tension, and stretch -if extreme tension is produced by a muscle and sensed by the GTO then the agonist will relax and the antagonist contracts |
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Assumptions needed to compartmentalize the body |
1) density of fat (.9) and fat free (1.1) mass are known and additive 2) densities of fat free mass is relatively constant between people 3) the proportion of the fat free mass is constant between people 4) the person being assessed differs from the reference only in the amount of depot fat possessed |
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Archimedes Principle |
-a body submerged in a fluid will be buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the volume displaced *See notes for equation* |
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Fat Patterning (Android) |
-abdominal visceral fat -apple shape -mainly males -have beta receptors so epinephrine easily mobilizes fat |
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Fat Patterning (Gynoid) |
-gluteofemoral subcutaneous fat -pear shape -mainly females -have alpha receptors so epinephrine can't easily mobilize fat |
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Health Risk with Obesity |
-CVD -hypertension -gall bladder disease -diabetes -cancer |
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Isometric Contraction |
-length of external muscle or limb stays constant while force is developed |
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Isokinetic Contraction |
-velocity of contraction is constant throughout the entire range of motion |
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Isotonic Contraction |
-the tension in the muscle remains constant throughout entire range of motion Dynamic - includes both eccentric and concentric contraction |
