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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Conductive Zone |
-includes the mouth, nose, pharynx ,nasal cavity, trachea, and primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchioles |
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Functions of the Conductive Zone |
1) air transport to lower portions of lungs 2) to warm and humidify air to 37 degrees C 3) to clean air with the ciliated mucosal membrane
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Anatomical Dead Space |
-in the conductive zone, since no gas exchange takes place there -approximately 1 ml per 1 lb of ideal body weight |
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Respiratory Zone |
-everything after the tertiary bronchioles and includes the alveolar ducts and sacs Function: gas exchange |
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Physiological Dead Space |
-in the respiratory zone -only involved during heavy exercise |
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Respiratory Circulation (Pulmonary) |
-facilitates external respiration -the structure of vessels match the anatomy of the bronchiole circulation |
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Respiratory Circulation (Bronchiole) |
-form small arteries that leave the aorta and delivers O2 to the lungs and CO2 is removed into the pulmonary veins |
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Different Conditions for breathing |
-environment, lung, and standardized ATPS - ambient temp, pressure, saturated BTPS - body temp, pressure, saturated STPD - standard temp, pressure, dry |
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Inspiratory Center (Dorsal Respiratory Group) |
-in the Medulla -most important center because expiration is passive -involves the cyclic, spontaneous depolarization of the phrenic nerve to cause the diaphragm to contract |
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Expiratory Center (Ventral Respiratory Group) |
-in the Medulla -maintain muscle tone of the inspiratory MM -during exercise it innervates the expiratory MM |
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Apneustic Center |
-in the Pons to ensure a smooth transition between inspiration and expiration -stimulates the inspiratory center unless it is inhibited by the pneumotaxic center |
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Pneumotaxic Center |
-in the Pons to ensure a smooth transition between inspiration and expiration -occasional inhibition of the apneustic center -constant inhibition of the inspiratory center |
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Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation |
-hypothalamus -cerebral cortex -systemic receptors -muscle joint receptors -chemoreceptors |
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Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation (Hypothalamus) |
-involuntary innervation of the sympathetic nervous system and either facilitates or inhibits ventilation |
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Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation (Cerebral Cortex) |
-allows for some voluntary control over ventilation |
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Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation (Systemic Receptors) |
-located either in the conducting and respiratory zone C - irritant receptors, ie cough or sneeze R - stretch receptors, ie breath holding |
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Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation (Muscle-Joint Receptors) |
-no effect at rest, minimal during exercise |
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Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation (Chemoreceptors) |
Central - responds to increased PCO2 and H ions Peripheral - responds to increased PCO2, H ions, and K ions, and decreased PO2 |
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Factors Affecting the Diffusion of Gases (Solubility Coefficients) |
Henry's Law - when a gas comes in contact with a liquid it diffuses into the liquid based on: 1) partial pressures of the gas 2) solubility coefficient of the gas -it continues to diffuse into the liquid until equilibrium is reached |
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Factors Affecting the Diffusion of Gases (Diffusion Gradient) |
-typically the larger the gradient the easier the diffusion -except for CO2, which diffuses 20X faster than O2 even though it's gradient is smaller |
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Factors Affecting the Diffusion of Gases (Membrane Thickness) |
-as thickness increases, diffusion decreases -could be from fluid build-up, scarring, etc... -O2 is affected by this more than CO2 |
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Factors Affecting the Diffusion of Gases (Alveolar Surface Area) |
-a decrease in surface area leads to a decrease in diffusion |
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Gas Transport (O2) |
-travels in blood : diffused in plasma (1-3%) bound to hem- portion of hemoglobin (97-98%) Males -14-18 g Hb/100 ml of blood Females - 12-16 g Hb/100 ml of blood |
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Gas Transport (CO2) |
-diffused in plasma (10%) -bound to -globin portion of Hb and is called carbaminohemoglobin (20%) -in the form of bicarbonate (HCO3) (70%) *be able to draw CO2 dissociation in blood* |
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What causes a right shift in the Oxy-Hb Dissociation Curve? |
-increased temp, H ions, PCO2, and 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (DPG) 2,3 DPG - from an increase in RBC metabolism |
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Significance of the PR Interval |
-corresponds to the excitation of the bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje Fibers *be able to draw ECG and the significance of every point on it* |
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Diastole |
-ventricular filling period -both AV valves are open -blood enters ventricles by gravity and atrial contraction -blood volume is greatest at the end of filling but pressure is low since ventricles are relaxed -LVEDV - left ventricular end diastolic volume |
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Systole (Isovolumetric Contraction) |
-AV and semilunar valves are closed -blood volume in ventricles remains the same but pressure increases |
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Systole (Ventricular Ejection) |
-pressure in ventricles are now greater than the aorta so the SL valves open and blood is ejected -LVESV- left ventricular end systolic volume |
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Stroke Volume |
-volume ejected per beat Determined by 1) volume returned to the heart (Preload) 2) force of contraction (Contractility) 3) resistance opposing flow (Afterload) |
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Ejection Fraction (EF) |
-at rest, 50-60% if blood in heart is ejected in systole *know the formula for ejection fraction* |
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Frank Starling Law |
-as LVEDV increases, then stroke volume increases due to increased pre-stretch |
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Contractility |
-sympathetic neural innervation that is independent of stretch (inherent) |
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Cardiac Output (Qc) |
-amount of blood pumped per minute -represents the total blood flow in CV system -at rest is about 5L per min but during maximum exercise it can increase to 25 L per min |
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Myocardial O2 consumption |
-determined by O2 extraction (A-VO2 Diff) and blood flow -the 60-70% extraction occurs for both rest and exercise so the increased myocardial demand for O2 during exercise is handled by increased flow |
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How to increase flow to heart |
1) increase HR 2) increase contraction force 3) metabolic byproducts cause vasodilation and decreased resistance to flow |
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Rate Pressure Product (RPP) |
-estimate of myocardial O2 consumption = (SBP * HR)/100 |
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Arteries |
-carry blood from the heart to the rest of body -able to distend during systole and recoil in diastole *know how to calculate MAP at rest and exercise* |
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Arterioles |
-the blood flow becomes continuous before it reaches the capillaries because of resistance -smooth muscle around arterioles can cause vasodilation or constriction by metabolic byproducts and sympathetic innervation |
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Capillaries |
-site for exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissue -walls are only 1 epithelial cell thick and called endothelium -diameter so small that RBC go through single file |
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Movement of Fluid or Gas in Capillary bed is caused by? |
Hydrostatic Pressure -blood pressure acts to push fluid out of capillaries Osmotic Pressure - higher concentration of protein in capillaries act to pull water into them
-lose 3L of fluid/day from plasma to interstitial space but it is returned to blood via Lymphatic System |
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Venules |
-nutrient exchange occurs here
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Veins |
-low resistance, return blood to heart -bc of distensibility, can pool large volumes of blood (60% of total volume at rest) -the amount of blood pooled depends on posture and activity -have valves that don't allow back flow |
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3 Factors affecting resistance |
1) blood viscosity 2) length of vessel 3) radius of vessel *know formula for flow, and TPR* |
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Relationship of Cross-Sectional Area and Velocity |
-the velocity of flow in a closed system is inversely related to the total CSA |
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Blood Pressure |
-the method is auscultation or listening with a stethoscope -the theory is to occlude blood flow in order to hear it overcome the pressure of the cuff -1 Korotkoff Sound - is the SBP -5th or Last Korotkoff Sound - is the DBP
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