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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the major transport protein used for insulin to transport glucose into the cell?
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GLUT 4
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At the onset of exercise and for the duration of strenuous exercise, __ is the primary CHO fuel for muscles
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muscle glycogen
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stimulator of glycogenolysis (breaking down of glycogen)
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epinephrine
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__ is used to "activate" cells
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epinehprine (but not the only hormone involved), calcium too
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What activates calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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action potential
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Ca2+ binds to __ to generate a muscle contraction
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calmodulin
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transduces calcium signals
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calmodulin
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body fuel sources of fat during exercise:
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triglycerides in adipose, FFA in blood
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body fuel sources during exercise (CHO):
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liver glycogen, blood glucose
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the focal point of hormonal control systems is to maintain __ concentration during times of inadequate CHO intake (fasting/starving) or exercise
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plasma glucose
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resting plasma glucose is __
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100 mg/dL
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What are 4 processes that maintain plasma glucose
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mobilize glucose form liver glycogen stores, mobilize plasma FFA form adipose tissue to spare plasma glucose, synthesize new glocose in the liver from AA, lactate, and glycerol, block glucose entry into cells to force substitution of FFA as fuel
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thyroid hormones, cortisol, and GH
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slow acting hormones
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regulate basal CHO, fat and protein metabolism
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thyroid hormones, cortisol, and GH (slow acting hormones)
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__ don't change dramatically during exercise
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T3 and T4
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establis overall metabolic rate, allow other hormones to exert their full effect by changing the number of receptors on cell surface for other hormones to interact with
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T3 and T4
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this hormone spares glucose
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cortisol
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stimulates FFA mobilization from adipose tissue, mobilizes AA for conversion to glucose int he liver
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cortisol
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decreases the rate of glucose utilization by cells
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cortisol
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primarily increases synthesis of tissue protein, decreases glucose uptake by tissue, increases FFA mobilization, enhances gluconeogensis in the liver
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growth hormone
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epinephrine, norepinephrine, insulin, and glucagon
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fast acting hormones
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increase mobilization of glucose from the liver, increase mobilization of FFA from adipose tissue, interfere with glucose uptake in the tissues
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epinepherine/norepinephrine
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horomone released when blood glucose is high
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insulin
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insulin decreases during exercise due to (3):
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maintenance of blood glucose levels, so that glucose is not taken up by ALL cells just working muscle cells, to favor mobilzation of glucose liver and FFA from adipose tissue
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how does the body make sure glucose is taken up mostly by working muscles cells during exercise
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high calcium levels block GLUT 4
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incresase during exercise (not as much in trained people)
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glucagon
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favors mobilization of glucose form the liver and FFA from adipose tissue, increases gluconeogensis in the liver
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glucagon
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as exercise intensity and duration increase, epinephrine, norepinephrine, GH, cortisol, and glucagon all __ while insulin __
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increases, decreases
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during the luteal phase of menstration, __ increasess
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progesterone
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at the end of teh follicular phase, __ increases
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estrogen
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a pre-exercise snack or meal causes a __ in blood glucose
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initial spike but large "crash" due to released insulin
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low carb diets causes __
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decreased muscle glycogen after multiple training bouts.
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The three parts of the innate immune system
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compliment protiens, cellular componets, physical barriers
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risk of infection during exercise can be represented by a __ curve
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J
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Regular, moderate exercise results in an __% reduced risk for URTIs (colds) in men and women of all ages
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18-67
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Each bout of exercise increases NKC, neutrophils, and antibodies for ~__ hours
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3
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prolonged and intense exercise __ the immune system
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temporatily depress
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an increase in cortisol levels which supresses the immune system can explain the phenomenon of immunosuppression after intense exercise. this is called the __
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open window
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cold or heat __ you risk of infection
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doesn't effect
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prolonged __ can increase the risk of an URTI
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high altitude exposure, exercise
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if symptoms are in your head/throat (sore throat, runny nose) it is __
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ok to exercise
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if your symptoms are in your body (fever, chest, congestion, stomach pain, chills, aches, etc.) __
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don't exercisec
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caused by damage to beta cells of the pancrease
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Type I diabetes
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caused by degeneration of motor nerons
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ALS
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caused by decreased Ach receptor on muscles
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myasthenia gravis
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cuased by damage to myelin on nerves
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MS
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__ is an immunosuppressant because it kills rapidly dividing cells like blood cells
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chemo
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the central nervous system is composed of teh __
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brain and spinal cord
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the peripheral nervous system is broken down into the __
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afferent and efferent divisoins
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the affarent division is made up of __
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somatic sensory, visceral sensory, special sensory
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the efferent division is made up of __
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somatic motor, autonomic motor
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the autonomic motor system is made up of __
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sypathetic, parasympathetic, enteric
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sodium is found mostly in the __
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extracellular fluid
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potassium (K+) is found mainly in the __
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intracellular fluid
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chloride is found mainly in the __
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extracellular fluid
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calcium (Ca2+) is found mainly in the __
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extracellular fluid
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why is the resting cell membrane potential negative when most of the ions are oustide of the cell?
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protines (found inside teh cell) are negatively charged
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the resting membrane potential in neurons is __
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-65 mV
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the resting membrane potential in muscle cells are __
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-95 mV
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