Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What's another word for thinking?
|
Cognition
|
|
|
What are examples of thinking?
|
Internal mental processes
Reasoning Memory Language comprehension Knowledge representation Problem solving |
|
|
Internal mental processes
|
The thinking inside of somebodys head
You cant look at somebody and see how their brain is working |
|
|
Knowledge representation
|
Learning something and visually rememmbering it
|
|
|
Psychology
|
Study of behavior at an individual level
|
|
|
Cognitive Psychology
|
Study of individuals internal mental processes
(everything from thinking in class, to driving, to being creative) |
|
|
Who's idea was Nativism?
|
Plato
|
|
|
What is Nativism?
|
Knowledge is obtained by experience, you are born with your brain as a blank slate
|
|
|
Zeitgeist
|
Intellectual climate and culture
Includes social, economic, and political factors |
|
|
Behaviorism
|
(1900s)
An approach that emphasizes observable behavior |
|
|
Introspection
|
Examination and description of one's own mental thoughts
|
|
|
What was the cognitive revolution in response to?
|
Behaviorism, people didn't like their explanations
|
|
|
What were the precursors to the cognitive revolution?
|
Change in zeitgeist
Philosophy of physics People became dissatisfied with behaviorists explanations |
|
|
Tolman's purposive behaviorism
|
He thought that people had mental representations in the mind
|
|
|
Gesalt psychology
|
"the whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
|
|
|
George Miller
|
Developed allergies to animal hair son he to experiment on humans
Wrote a ground breaking paper on short term memory |
|
|
Ulric Neisser
|
"father" of cognitive psychology
Published book called "Cognitive Psychology" |
|
|
Noam Chompsky
|
Psycholinguist
Countered B.F. Skinner's explanation for language development and abilities |
|
|
What does cognitive psychology as a discipline focus on?
|
Information processing
Stimulus -> "black box" -> Response They are most concerned with the black box that leads to a response |
|
|
Theories
|
Used to explain processes similar to a story
Not meant to be absolute Meant to be testable Can be disproven, not proven |
|
|
Perspectives
(4 Primary Perspectives) |
Information processing (stages)
Neuroscience functions Computer science Evolutionary psychology |
|
|
Variable
|
Characteristic measured using numerical value
|
|
|
Describing a Phenomena
|
Observational studies
No manipulation in variables Doesn't determine cause and effect |
|
|
Explaining a Phenomena
|
Experiment studies
Manipulate variables Random assignment Can determine cause and effect |
|
|
Conceptual Definition
|
The dictionary definition, general understanding, unusually too vague or ambiguous
|
|
|
Concrete Definition
|
More specific, more concrete understanding, usually depends on research question
|
|
|
Examples of measurement units
|
Count (correct/incorrect)
Percent/probability Reaction time Yes/no Neuron firing |
|
|
Psychophysics
|
Study how individuals mentally process physical world
Psycho: mental processes Physics: physical world |
|
|
Single-cell studies
|
Measure neuronal firing
-uses electrical measurement, and assumes firing is a result of stimulus being present |
|
|
Reaction time studies
|
Amount of time between presentation of stimulus and the reaction
|
|
|
Perspectives
(4 Primary Perspectives) |
Information processing (stages)
Neuroscience functions Computer science Evolutionary psychology |
|
|
Variable
|
Characteristic measured using numerical value
|
|
|
Describing a Phenomena
|
Observational studies
No manipulation in variables Doesn't determine cause and effect |
|
|
Explaining a Phenomena
|
Experiment studies
Manipulate variables Random assignment Can determine cause and effect |
|
|
Conceptual Definition
|
The dictionary definition, general understanding, unusually too vague or ambiguous
|
|
|
Concrete Definition
|
More specific, more concrete understanding, usually depends on research question
|
|
|
Examples of measurement units
|
Count (correct/incorrect)
Percent/probability Reaction time Yes/no Neuron firing |
|
|
Psychophysics
|
Study how individuals mentally process physical world
Psycho: mental processes Physics: physical world |
|
|
Single-cell studies
|
Measure neuronal firing
-uses electrical measurement, and assumes firing is a result of stimulus being present |
|
|
Reaction time studies
|
Amount of time between presentation of stimulus and the reaction
|
|
|
Introspection
|
Examination and description of one's own mental thoughts
|
|
|
What was the cognitive revolution in response to?
|
Behaviorism, people didn't like their explanations
|
|
|
What were the precursors to the cognitive revolution?
|
Change in zeitgeist
Philosophy of physics People became dissatisfied with behaviorists explanations |
|
|
Tolman's purposive behaviorism
|
He thought that people had mental representations in the mind
|
|
|
Gesalt psychology
|
"the whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
|
|
|
George Miller
|
Developed allergies to animal hair son he to experiment on humans
Wrote a ground breaking paper on short term memory |
|
|
Ulric Neisser
|
"father" of cognitive psychology
Published book called "Cognitive Psychology" |
|
|
Noam Chompsky
|
Psycholinguist
Countered B.F. Skinner's explanation for language development and abilities |
|
|
What does cognitive psychology as a discipline focus on?
|
Information processing
Stimulus -> "black box" -> Response They are most concerned with the black box that leads to a response |
|
|
Theories
|
Used to explain processes similar to a story
Not meant to be absolute Meant to be testable Can be disproven, not proven |
|
|
Perspectives
(4 Primary Perspectives) |
Information processing (stages)
Neuroscience functions Computer science Evolutionary psychology |
|
|
Variable
|
Characteristic measured using numerical value
|
|
|
Describing a Phenomena
|
Observational studies
No manipulation in variables Doesn't determine cause and effect |
|
|
Explaining a Phenomena
|
Experiment studies
Manipulate variables Random assignment Can determine cause and effect |
|
|
Conceptual Definition
|
The dictionary definition, general understanding, unusually too vague or ambiguous
|
|
|
Concrete Definition
|
More specific, more concrete understanding, usually depends on research question
|
|
|
Examples of measurement units
|
Count (correct/incorrect)
Percent/probability Reaction time Yes/no Neuron firing |
|
|
Psychophysics
|
Study how individuals mentally process physical world
Psycho: mental processes Physics: physical world |
|
|
Single-cell studies
|
Measure neuronal firing
-uses electrical measurement, and assumes firing is a result of stimulus being present |
|
|
Reaction time studies
|
Amount of time between presentation of stimulus and the reaction
|
|
|
Right Brain vs. Left Brain
|
Right Brain-creative
Left Brain-Math |
|
|
Is the Right/Left Brain Myth true?
|
Somewhat, but the hemispheres work together and communicate with the corpus callosum
|
|
|
Contralateral
|
objects seen in the left eye are processed on the right side of the brain and vice-versa
|
|
|
Ipsilateral
|
objects seen at the left peripheral vision are processed on the left side of the brain and vice-versa
|
|
|
CT
|
images of structures
pro:non-invasive, cheap con: no information about function |
|
|
EEG
|
records electrical activity
pro: determines time it takes to process info, cheap con: can't show structures |
|
|
PET
|
measures regional cerebral bloods flow
pro: determines function con: poor graphic resolution, uses a radioactive substance |
|
|
fMRI
|
measures blood oxygen exchange levels
pro: non invasive, good graphics con: expensive |
|
|
MEG
|
measures magnetic fields from brain output
pro: acurate, shows functions cons: expensive |
|
|
TMS
|
stimulate brain with magnetic pulse, interferes with processes
pro: confirms functions cons: long term effects unknown |
