Exam 2- Social Psych

Front 1

Attitude

Back 1

A favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone (often rooted in one's beliefs, and exhibited in one's feelings and intended behavior)

a b c
affect (feelings), behavior (tendency), and cognition (thoughts)

Front 2

Principle of Aggregation (Pg.122)

Back 2

The effects of an attitude become more apparent when we look at a person's aggregate or average behavior rather than

Front 3

Role

Back 3

A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave

Front 4

Foot in the Door Phenomenon Pg.130

Back 4

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Front 5

Low Ball Technique Pg.131

Back 5

A tactic for getting people to agree to something. People who agree to an initial request will often still comply when the requester ups the ante. People who receive only the costly request are less likely to comply with it.

Front 6

Self Presentation Theory Pg.136

Back 6

For strategic reasons we express attitudes that makes us appear consistent

This theory assumes that our behavior aims to create desired impressions

Front 7

Cognitive Dissonance Theory Pg.137

Back 7

Assumes that to reduce discomfort, we justify our actions to ourselves;

Tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions. For example, dissonance may occur when we realize that we have, with little justification, acted contrary to our attitudes or made a decision favoring one alternative despite reasons favoring another

Front 8

Insufficient Justification Effect Pg.138

Back 8

Reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one's behavior when external justification is insufficient

Front 9

Self Perception Theory Pg.141

Back 9

The theory that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them as much as would someone observing us, by looking at our behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs.

Front 10

Overjustification Effect Pg. 145

Back 10

The result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing

Front 11

Self Affirmation Theory Pg.147

Back 11

A theory that a) people often experience a self image threat, after engaging in an undesirable behavior; and b0they can compensate by affirming another aspect of the self. Threaten people's self concept in one domain, and they will compensate either by refocusing or by doing good deeds in some other domain.

Front 12

Persuasion pg.224

Back 12

The process by which a message induce change in beliefes, attitudes, or behavior.

Front 13

Central Route to Persuasion Pg.226

Back 13

Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

Front 14

Peripheral Route to Persuasion Pg.226

Back 14

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues such as speaker's attractiveness

Front 15

credibility pg.229

Back 15

Believability. A credible communicator is perceives as both expert and trustworthy.

Front 16

Sleeper Effect pg.229

Back 16

A delayed impact of a message that occurs when an initially discounted message becomes effective, as we remember the message but forget the reason for discounting it.

Front 17

Attitude Innoculation pg.254

Back 17

Exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attack come, they will have refutations available.

Front 18

Social Dominance Orientation

Back 18

A motivation to have one's group dominate other social groups

Front 19

Ethnocentric pg.312

Back 19

Believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups.

Front 20

Authoritarian Personality pg.312

Back 20

A personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those in lower status.

Front 21

Realistic Group Conflict Theory Pg.317

Back 21

The theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources.

Front 22

Ingroup

Back 22

"Us" - A group or people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity.

Outgroup-Them
Ingroup Bias- The tendency to favor one's own group

Front 23

Terror Management Pg.321

Back 23

According to "terror management theory," people's self-protective emotional and cognitive responses (Including adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices) when confronted with reminders of their mortality.

Front 24

Spotlight Effect pg.35

Back 24

The belief that others are paying more attention to one's appearance and behavior than they really are.

Front 25

Illusion of Transparency pg.34

Back 25

The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others.

Front 26

Self Concept

Back 26

A person's answers to the question "Who am I?"

Front 27

Self Schemas pg.37

Back 27

Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information. - help us organize and explain experiences. ex.being athletic

Front 28

Self-Reference Effect Pg. 37

Back 28

The tendency to process efficiently and remember well information related to oneself

Front 29

Possible Selves ch.2

Back 29

Images of what we dream or dread becoming in the future

Front 30

Social Comparison ch.2

Back 30

Evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others.

Front 31

Individualism pg.41

Back 31

The concept of giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

Front 32

Collectivism pg.41

Back 32

Giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.

Front 33

Interdependent self pg.41

Back 33

Construing one's identity in relation to others.

-related to collectivism

Front 34

Impact bias pg.49

Back 34

Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events

Front 35

Immune neglect

Back 35

The human tendency to neglect the speed and the strength of the "psychological immune system," which enables emotional recovery and resilience after bad things happen

Front 36

Dual Attitudes Pg.50

Back 36

Differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object. Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice forms new habits.

Front 37

Self-esteem pg/51

Back 37

A person's overall evaluation or sense of self worth

Front 38

Self-Efficacy pg.55

Back 38

A sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, one's sense of self worth. A bombardier might feel high self-efficacy and low self-esteem.

aka how competent we feel on a task

Front 39

Locus of Control

Back 39

The extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts and actions or as externally controlled by chance or outside force

Front 40

Learned Helplessness pg.56

Back 40

The hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or an animal perceives no control over repeated bad events.

Front 41

self serving bias

Back 41

the tendency to perceive oneself favorably

Front 42

Self serving attribution

Back 42

A form of self serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors

Front 43

Defensive Pessimism

Back 43

The adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one's anxiety to motivate effective action

Front 44

False consensus effect

Back 44

The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinion and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors.

Front 45

False Uniqueness Effect

Back 45

The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable or successful behaviors.

Front 46

Group-serving Bias

Back 46

Explaining away outgroup members' positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one's own group)

Front 47

Self-handicapping PG.71

Back 47

Protecting one's self image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure

Front 48

Self Presentation

Back 48

The act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one's ideals

Front 49

Self-monitoring

Back 49

Being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one's performance to create the desired impression.

Front 50

False Modesty Phenomenon

Back 50

We often display lower self esteem than we privately feel

Front 51

Depressive Realism

Back 51

The tendency of mildly depressed people to make accurate rather than self-serving judgments, attributions, and predictions.

Front 52

Explanatory Style pg.517

Back 52

One's habitual way of explaining life events. A negative, pessimistic, depressive explanatory style attributes failure to stable, global, and internal causes.