Psych 315 Social Psych Exam 1

Front 1

Social Psychology

Back 1

the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another

Front 2

Social Neuroscience

Back 2

an intergration of biological and social perspectives that explore the neural and psychological bases of social and emotional behaviors

Front 3

Culture

Back 3

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Front 4

Social representations

Back 4

socially shared beliefs widely held ideas and values, including our assumptions and cultural ideologies. Our social representations help us make sense of our world

Front 5

Hindsight Bias

Back 5

tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one's ability to have forseen how something turned out

Front 6

theory

Back 6

an integrated set of principals that explain and predict certain events

Front 7

hypothesis

Back 7

a testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events

Front 8

field research

Back 8

research done in natural real-life settings outside the labratory

Front 9

correlation research

Back 9

study of naturally occuring relationships among variables

Front 10

experimental research

Back 10

studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors while controlling others

Front 11

random sample

Back 11

survey procedure in which every person in the population being studied has the equal chance of inclusion

Front 12

Framing

Back 12

the way a question or an issue is posed, framing can influence people's descisions and expressed opinions

Front 13

Independent variable

Back 13

experimental factor that a researcher manipulates

Front 14

Dependent variable

Back 14

the variable being measured, so called because it may depend on manipulations of the independent variable

Front 15

random assignment

Back 15

the process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiement such that all persons have the same chance of being given a condition.

Front 16

Mundane realism

Back 16

degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations

Front 17

Experimental Realism

Back 17

degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its participants

Front 18

Deception

Back 18

in research an effect by which participants are misinformed

Front 19

demand characteristics

Back 19

cues in an experiment that tell the the participant what behavior is expected

Front 20

informed consent

Back 20

an ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

Front 21

debriefing

Back 21

in social psychology the post experiemntal explanation of a study to its participants. Debriefing usually discloses any deception and often queries participants reguarding their understandings and feelings

Front 22

group

Back 22

two or more people who for longer than a few moments interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as "us"

Front 23

co-actors

Back 23

co-participants working individuality on a noncompetitive activity

Front 24

social facilitation

Back 24

(1) the tendency of people to perform simple tasks better when others are present (2) strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of others

Front 25

evaluation apprehension

Back 25

concern for how others are evaluating us

Front 26

the rope-pulling apparatus

Back 26

people in the front or first position pulled less if they thought the people behind them were pulling

Front 27

social loafing

Back 27

tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they would be individually accountable

Front 28

CLASSICAL PATHWAY

Back 28

activated by the presence of an
antibody bound to an antigen

Front 29

deindivduation

Back 29

loss of self-awareness and evaulation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms good or bad

Front 30

group polarization

Back 30

group-produced enhancement of member's preexisting tendencies, a strengthening of the member's average tendency, not a split within the group

Front 31

social comparison

Back 31

evaluating one's opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others

Front 32

pluralistic ignorance

Back 32

a false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding

Front 33

groupthink

Back 33

mode of thinking that persons engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action

Front 34

leadership

Back 34

process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group

Front 35

task leadership

Back 35

leadership that organizes work, sets standards, and focuses on goals

Front 36

social leadership

Back 36

leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

Front 37

transformational leadership

Back 37

leadership that, enabled by a leader's vision and inspiration, exerts significant influence

Front 38

conformity

Back 38

a change in the behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure

Front 39

compliance

Back 39

conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request while privately disagreeing

Front 40

obediance

Back 40

acting in accord with a direct order or command

Front 41

acceptance

Back 41

conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure

Front 42

autokinetic phenomenon

Back 42

self (auto) motion (kinetic), apparent movement of a stationary point of light in the dark

Front 43

cohesiveness

Back 43

a "we feeling"; extent to which members of a group are bound together, such as by attraction for one another

Front 44

normative influence

Back 44

conformitiy based on a person's desire to fullfill other's expectations, often to gain acceptance

Front 45

informational influence

Back 45

conformity occuring when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people

Front 46

reactance

Back 46

a motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom. Reactance arises when someone threatens our freedom of action

Front 47

persuasion

Back 47

process by which a message induces a change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors

Front 48

central route to persuasion

Back 48

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

Front 49

peripheral route to persuasion

Back 49

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

Front 50

credibility

Back 50

believability; percieved as both expert and trustworthy

Front 51

sleeper effect

Back 51

a delayed impact of a message that occurs when an intially discounted message becomes effective, as we remember the message but forget the reason discounting it

Front 52

attractiveness

Back 52

having qualities that appeal to an audience. An appealing communicator is most persuasive on matters of subjective preference

Front 53

Discrepancy Interacts with comunicator credibility

Back 53

only a highly credible communicator maintains effectiveness when arguing an extreme position

Front 54

The interaction of inital opinion with one versus two-sidedness

Back 54

after Germany's defeat in WWII, American soldiers skeptical of a message about Japan's strength were more persuaded by a two-sided communication. Soldiers initially agreeing with the message were strengthened more by a one-sided message.

Front 55

primacy effect

Back 55

other things being equal information presented first usually has the most influence

Front 56

recency effect

Back 56

information presented last sometimes has the most influence/ recency effects are less common than primacy effects.

Front 57

channel of communication

Back 57

the way the message is delivered, whether face-to-face, in writing, on film, or in some other way

Front 58

two-step flow of communication

Back 58

process by which media influence often occurs through opinion leaders, who in turn influence others

Front 59

need for cognition

Back 59

motivation to think and analyze; assessed by agreement with items such as " the notion of thinking abstractly is appealing to me" and disagreement with items such as "I only think as hard as I have to"

Front 60

cults

Back 60

a group typically characterized by (1) distinctive ritual and beliefs to its devotion to a god or person (2) isolation from the surrounding "evil" culture (3) charismatic leader

Front 61

sect

Back 61

contrasts cult in that it's a spinoff of from major religion

Front 62

attitude inoculation

Back 62

exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come they will have refutations available

Front 63

Actual People

Back 63

people who are actually present

Front 64

Imagined People

Back 64

people who are not physically present

Front 65

Construal

Back 65

way in which people perceive, comprehend, and interpret the social world like a filter

Front 66

Relation to Sociology

Back 66

same ideas about interactions, and power of social institutions
different in that psychology is more about individuals

Front 67

Relation to Personality Psych

Back 67

same purpose to explain social behaviors
different in that social is more universal and personality more specific

Front 68

Why are groups important?

Back 68

goals, physical and mental needs of social creatures

Front 69

Characteristics of Groups

Back 69

social norms, social roles, status, cohesiveness

Front 70

optimal distinctiveness

Back 70

compromise between conformity and uniquness

Front 71

Cialdini's 6 Principles of Compliance

Back 71

1. Friendship
2. Consistency
3. Reciprocity Rule
4. Scarcity Principle
5. Social Validation/ Proof
6. Authority

Front 72

Zimbardo's 7 Principles That Grease the Slippery Slop to Evil

Back 72

1. Mindlessly taking the first step
2. Dehumanization of others
3. Anonymity
4. Diffusion of personal responsibility
5. Blind obedience to authority
6. uncritical conformity to group norms
7. passive tolerance of evil through inaction, or indifference

Front 73

Causes of Groupthink

Back 73

high cohesiveness, group isolation, a directive leader, high stress

Front 74

Defects in Optimal Judgement caused by Groupthink

Back 74

incomplete survey of alternatives
poor info search
failure to examine risks of top choice
failure to develop contingencies

Front 75

How to avoid Groupthink

Back 75

Remain Impartial
Seek outside opinions
Create Subgroups
Seek anonymous opinions