Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are ...
|
energy rich nutrients
|
|
|
the "breaking down of" is known as ...
|
catabolism
|
|
|
CO2, H2O, and NH3 are ...
|
energy poor end products
|
|
|
nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides are ...
|
cell macromolecules
|
|
|
sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides are...
|
building blocks
|
|
|
what molecule is used for reductive biosynthesis? (gluing things together)
|
NADPH
|
|
|
what molecule is a reducing equivalent and is associated with electrons?
|
NADH
|
|
|
NADH is
-generated in the ... cycle (also known as ... cycle) and is used in the ... (also known as oxidative phosphorylation) to make ... |
TCA
Krebs cycle Electron Transport Chain (ETC) ATP |
|
|
NADPH:
-... aka ... -reductive biosynthesis -drug detoxification |
Hexose MonoPhosphate Shunt
Pentose-phosphate Pathway |
|
|
when a high energy phosphate bond is cleaved, it releases about # kcal of energy
|
7
|
|
|
an energy fed state has (little or lots) of energy around
|
lots
|
|
|
energy starved state has (little or lots) of energy around but (little or lots) of AMP
|
little
lots |
|
|
breakdown of large macromolecules to simple subunits (fat metabolism) happens in the ...
|
gut
|
|
|
what molecule is central to all metabolism?
|
pyruvate
|
|
|
krebs cycle, aka ... aka ...
|
citric acid cycle
TCA cycle |
|
|
what aids in the uptake of glucose and is dependent on insulin?
|
glucose transporters
|
|
|
glucose transporter number 2 is located where?
|
the liver
|
|
|
which have a higher affinity for glucose?
adipose tissues, liver cells, muscle |
muscle and adipose have higher affinity than liver
|
|
|
what is the blood fasting glucose concentration per deciliter?
it is critical to maintain blood glucose concentration here. |
80-90 mg
|
|
|
In the pathways of integrating metabolism, you start in the ... and end up in the ...
The end point is either ... or ... in the form of energy (alternative energy sources) |
bloodstream
tissue energy storage |
|
|
3 stages of catabolism:
1) breakdown of large macromolecules to ... 2)breakdown of product from above to ... accompanied by production of limited amounts of ... and ... 3) complete oxidation of acetyl CoA to ... and ... accompanied by production of large amounts of ... and ... |
-simple subunits
-acetyl CoA -ATP and NADH -H20 and CO2 NADH and ATP |
|
|
insulin world = ... world
|
dephosphorylating
(all the enzymes are dephosphorylated) |
|
|
glucagon world = ... world
|
phosphorylating world
|
|
|
glucose to pyruvate is known as the ... pathway and generates ...
|
glycolytic (glycolysis)
ATP |
|
|
in the red blood cell, is aerobic or anaerobic glycolysis going on?
|
anaerobic glycolysis
|
|
|
in the red blood cell, there are no ...
|
organelles (mitochondria)
|
|
|
the purpose of the red blood cell is to transport ...
|
oxygen
|
|
|
what is this?
-problem in red blood cell where there is not enough glucose (red blood cell depends on glucose) |
hemolytic anemia
|
|
|
In the brain, is aerobic or anaerobic glycolysis occuring?
|
aerobic
|
|
|
in the brain, ... of ATP is generated (when compared to that of the red blood cell)
|
lots
|
|
|
pyruvate to CO2 is known as ...
|
oxidative metabolism
|
|
|
the brain has no energy store. It is dependent on ...
|
glucose
|
|
|
the brain, and therefore liver, muscle cell, and adipose tissue all undergo ...
|
oxidative metabolism
|
|
|
in the muscle cell, glucose can be converted into glycogen, which is known as ...
|
glycogenesis
|
|
|
urea cycle occurs in the ...
|
liver
|
|
|
adipose tissue has lipoprotein lipase which is an inducible enzyme (responds to ...)
|
hormone
|
|
|
you must have sugar in order to store ...
|
fat
|
|
|
what are these?
-analogous to VLDL particles -synthesized in gut -carrying exogenous into bloodstream -after a high fatty meal, this will go up |
chylomicrons
|
|
|
in the glucagon world, glycogen is broken down to glucose through...
|
glycogenolysis
|
|
|
can you turn fat into sugar?
|
NO!!
|
|
|
after 24 hours, ... is broken down to make glucose
|
protein
|
|
|
pyruvate is broken down to glucose through ...
|
gluconeogenesis
|
|
|
adipose tissue contains a ... sensitive lipase
|
hormone
|
|
|
glucagon world is an energy ... world
|
poor
|
|
|
ketone bodies are small 3 carbon entities that can be utilized as an alternative form of ...
they are taken up into the ... |
energy
muscle cell |
|
|
only after a week, ... have a high enough concentration to get into the brain
|
ketone bodies
|
|
|
energy from the brain is all from ... (between days 1-4)
|
protein
|
|
|
... are an alternate source of energy
|
ketone bodies
|
|
|
what is the corresponding ratio to fat, carbohydrate, protein, and EtOH?
|
9,4,4,7
|
|
|
what is a measure of energy required to maintain life; i.e. the energy requirement of our major organs and resting muscles?
|
resting metabolic rate (RMR)
|
|
|
what is this?
-proportional to the amount of metabolically active tissue and the lean body mass. |
basal metablic rate (BMR)
|
|
|
... and ... differ very little in value
... is usually greater than ... |
BMR and RMR
BMR RMR |
|
|
what are these?
-gender (males higher than females) -body temperature (increased with fever) -environmental temperature (increased in cold) -thyroid status (increased in hyperthyroidism) -pregnancy and lactation (increased) -age (decreases with age) |
factors affecting BMR
|
