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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 3 layers (tunics) of the eye?
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-fibrous (external) tunic
-vascular (middle) tunic or uvea -nervous tunic (retina) |
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what is this?
-whites of eyes -made up of connective tissue |
sclera
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light comes through what first?
-bends light -clear part in front of the eye |
cornea
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what is the junction between the cornea and the sclera?
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limbus
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what is the tissue that attaches to the limbus of the eyes?
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conjunctiva
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what are the 2 parts of the conjunctiva?
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bulbar
palpebral |
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what is this?
-consists of a vascularized dense regularly arranged connective tissue (collagenous fibers and fibroblasts). It maintains the size and form of the eye -extraocular skeletal muscles attach into this. -the optic nerve passes through this at the rear of the eyeball |
sclera
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the anterior compartment of the eyeball contains what kind of liquid?
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aqueous humor
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which compartment contains vitreal body (humor)
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posterior compartment
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what is this?
-located at the front of the eye, is continuous at the limbus with the sclera. It has several layers and is transparent -most refraction occurs here; it is avascular |
cornea
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layers of the cornea:
-... - a stratified squamous, nonkeratinized epithelium -... - a basement membrane feltwork of irregular fine fibrils of collagen -... - constitutes the bulk of the cornea, consists of many orthogonal laminae of highly ordered, uniform collagen fibrils with fibroblasts between the laminae. -... - an acellular, homogenous basement membrane, made of an atypical form of collagen -... - forms posterior surface of cornea a single layer of squamous to cuboidal cells |
anterior (corneal) epithelium
Bowman's membrane stroma Descemet's membrane corneal endothelium (mesenchymal epithelium) |
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what is this?
-corresponds to the junction between transparent cornea and opaque sclera -contains trabecular spaces (spaces of fontana), schlemm's canal (both involved in resorption of aqueous humor), and blood vessels |
Limbus (corneoscleral junction)
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what does the optic nerve go through to reach the retina?
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lamina cribosa
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what is pigmented and in places highly vascular?
-consists of choroid, ciliary body and iris |
vascular tunic (uvea)
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Innermost portion of choroid contains numerous capillaries (choriocapillary layer), which provides nutritional exchange for outermost layers of the retina through ... (basal lamina)
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Bruch's membrane
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what is this?
-intermediate portion of uvea -continuation of choroid |
ciliary body
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the ciliary body contains the ciliary muscle (... muscle) which is used to change the shape of the lens by way of the ciliary zonule fibers
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smooth
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what is this?
-anterior portion of uvea -it is a diaphragm which controls amount of light entering eye |
iris
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the iris contains the ... and ... muscles in its stroma which control pupillary size
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sphincter pupillae
dilator pupillae |
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the ... of the iris also contains pigmented cells, melanocytes
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stroma
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both ciliary processes and the inner surfaces of the iris are covered by a pigmented layer and are continuation of the ...
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retina
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what is this?
-transparent, flexible, biconvex disc which functions in near and distant vision. Changes of its curvature (shape), due to the action of the zonule fibers and ciliary muscles, changes the focal point on the retina |
lens
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what is this?
-layer of connective tissue -homogeneous carbohydrate-rich capsule composed of type 4 collagen fibers enclosing entire lens -ciliary zonule fibers attach to it |
lens capsule
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what is this?
-simple cuboidal cells covering anterior surface of lens |
anterior (subcapsular) epithelium
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lens substance is composed of laminated interdigitating elongated cells called ...
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lens fibers
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what is this called?
-changes in lens as you go from seeing far to close and vice versa. -convergence of eyes -curvature of lens increased -pupil constricts |
accommodation
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for far vision, ... muscles contract
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dilator
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what is this?
-located in anterior and posterior chambers of the eye -contains practically no proteins, and is produced by the cells on the ciliary processes |
aqueous humor
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what does this lead to?
-overproduction of aqueous humor -blockage of drainage |
glaucoma
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what is this?
-fills the space (vitreous cavity) between lens and retina -this gel is 99% water and also contains collagen fibers and glycosaminoglycans (mainly hyaluronic acid) |
vitreous body
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what is this?
-the innermost coat of the posterior part of the eye. -contains photoreceptors (rods and cones) -has several layers |
nervous tunic (retina)
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what is this?
-specialized area where vision is most acute -where photoreceptors are essentially bare (i.e. the overlying layers are pushed to the side) -contains only cones |
fovea centralis (macula)
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what is the spot where the optic nerve leaves the eye and there are no photoreceptors?
-"blind spot" |
optic papilla
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the 8 cellular layers of retina (from outermost to innermost)
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-pigmented epithelium
-layer of rods and cones: photoreceptors -outer nuclear layer -outer plexiform layer -inner nuclear layer -inner plexiform layer -ganglion cell layer -optic nerve fiber layer |
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what is this?
-outermost layer -prevents diffusion of light between photoreceptors -makes contact with Bruch's membrane of the choroid |
pigment epithelium
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what layer contains nuclei belonging to rods and cones?
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outer nuclear layer
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what is the layer where rods and cones synapse with bipolar cells
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outer plexiform layer
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what layer contains nuclei belonging to bipolar cells?
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inner nuclear layer
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what layer do bipolar cells synapse with ganglion cells?
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inner plexiform layer
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which layer contains nuclei of ganglion cells?
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ganglion cell layer
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which layer is this?
-consists of the central processes (axons) of the ganglion cells which gather together at the optic papilla, pass through the sclera and leave the eye as the optic nerve |
optic nerve fiber layer
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as they leave the rear of the eyeball, the optic nerve fibers become myelinated by the action of ...
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oligodendrocytes
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what kind of cells make interconnections with rods and cones?
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horizontal cells
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what kind of cells make interconnections with ganglion cells?
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amacrine cells
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what kind of cells are supportive neuroglial cells?
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Muller cells
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which cell's signals are integrated?
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bipolar cells
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which cell sends its axon out to the surface of the retina?
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ganglion cells
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which cells are glial-like cells that supports the functioning of the retina?
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muller cells
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which 3 cells are considered to be in the main group?
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photo-receptors
bipolar neurons ganglion cells |
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which 3 cells are considered to be in the accessory group?
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horizontal cells
amacrine cells Muller cells |
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pathway of nerve impulse through the layers: (10)
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-pigmented epithelium
-layers of rods and cones -external limiting membrane -external nuclear layer -external plexiform layer -internal nuclear layer -internal plexiform layer -ganglion cell layer -layer of nerve fibers -internal limiting membrane |
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what are these?
-eyelids -conjunctiva -lacrimal gland |
accessory structures of the eye
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what is this?
-mucous membrane which covers the inner surface of eyelid and part of sclera. -it is continuous with the anterior corneal epithelium at the limbus |
conjunctiva
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what is this?
-located in superior lateral region of the orbit -produces tears which acts to lubricate the conjunctival surface of the eyeball and eyelid -a serous gland made up of a collection of compund tubuloalveolar glands -has several excretory ducts which open laterally into the fornix of the eye |
lacrimal gland
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tears are drained medially from the eye surface into the nasal cavity at the lacrimal .., via lacrimal ..., the lacrimal ... and the nasolacrimal duct
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puncta
canaliculi sac |
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the eye arises from the ... around the 22nd - 28th day, and induces special structures that develop out of ectoderm and mesoderm.
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diencephalon
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the initial structure of the eye is called the ...
as it develops, this interacts with ectoderm and mesoderm to form the structure that we ultimately see as the eye |
optic vesicle
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at the optic vesicle stage, day 28, it is providing inductive signals to the ...
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ectoderm
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at 30 days, ectoderm forms ...
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lens vesicle
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lens vesicle induces invagination of optic vesicle to become ... at 32 days
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optic cup
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these are derivatives of what?
-sclera -choroid layer -ciliary body -muscles of iris |
mesoderm
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what 2 things are derived from ectoderm?
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lens
cornea |
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what are these?
-pigment epithelium -neural retina -pigmented portion of iris -optic nerve |
neural derivatives of eye
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vitreous humor and aqueous humor spaces were formerly ...: cells left to create acellular space
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mesodermal
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the optic cup (is/is not) a complete cup
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is not
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day 32:
the eye leaves a slit on its inferior portion, called the ..., that allows the central artery of the retina to grow into it |
choroid fissure
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as the ... grows, the choroid fissure closes along the midline, eventually obliterating any trace that it once existed, and leaving a smooth, round eye
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optic cup
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closure of fissure occurs at the # week
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6th
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what is this called?
-failure of fusion of the choroid fissure creates a slit under the eye -the slit does not usually involve sclera; the 'white' is generally intact -this slit may only involve iris, or may include inferior part of retina |
coloboma
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what are these?
-congenital glaucoma -congenital cataracts -micropthalamia and anopthalamia -congenitally detached or absent lens -cyclopia (synophthalmia) |
other develpmental abnormalities
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