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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Epithelial Tissue Functions
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-Protection -Filtration -Secretion -Absorption -Excretion -Sensory Reception |
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Epithelial Tissue Definition
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-Cover a body surface -Line a body cavity -Form Glands |
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Epithelial Tissue Characteristics |
*Polarity-Apical Surface (Microvolli or Cilia)-Basal Surface (Basal lamina acts as a filter) *Specialized Contacts (Tight junctions & desmosomes) *Supported by connective tissue (Basement Membrane) supports & resists stretching *Avascular but innervated *Regeneration |
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Epithelial Classified By:
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*Number of Cell layers (Simple, pseudostratified, stratified) *Cell Shape (Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar, Transitional) |
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Simple Squamous Epithelial Functions |
*Filtration (In Kidneys) *Exchange of materials (rapid diffusion) -Alveoli (air sacs) of lungs *Single layer flattened cells w disc shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm: simplest epithelia. (Air sacs of lung tissue, nuclei of squamous epithelial cells) |
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Endothelium
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*Simple Squamous Epithelial
*Lines Blood vessels & hollow chambers of heart |
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Mesothelium
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*Lines the ventral body cavity & organs |
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Functions |
*Secretion: Glands (thyroid glands) *Absorption: Kidney Tubules *Single layer cube cells w large spherical central nuclei (Simple cuboidal epithelial cells, basement membrane, connective tissues) |
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Simple Columnar Epithelium Functions |
*Secretion & Absorption *With Mircoville (stomach & Intestines) *With Cilia (Uterus & fallopian tubes, respiratory tract) *Single layer tall cells w oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain goblet cells. |
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Functions |
*Secretion & Absorption
*Cells with cilia located in Nasal cavity, trachea & Bronchi) *Single layer of cells differing heights, may contain goblet cells & bear cilia. (Basement membrane and connective tissue) |
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium Functions |
*Protection: Keratinized: epidermis Non-keratinized: Mouth/Esophagus/Vagina/Anus *Thick membrane;several cell layers;basal cells cuboidal or columnar & metabolically active; surface cells flattened;Keratinized surface cells are full or keratin & dead;Basal cells are active in mitosis producing more superficial layers. |
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Transitional Epithelium Functions |
*Allows change in shape *Lines the inside of urinary bladder *Resembles both stratified squamous & stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamous depending on degree of stretch. Basement membrane; connective tissue. |
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Glandular Epithelia
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*Gland: one or more cells that make & secrete a product *Endocrine Glands: Secrete hormones into blood or lymphatic fluid *Exocrine Glands: Secrete via a duct |
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Connective Tissue Characterized By: |
*Large amount of Extracellular Matrix (Ground substance & fibers) *Few Cells *Vasculature Varies *Nerve Innervation |
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Connective Tissue Cell Types & Fibers
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*Collagen, Elastic, Reticular |
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Areolar Tissue
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*Widely distributed thru out body, ground substance is viscous, subcutaneous tissue. *Gel like matrix w all 3 fiber types: macrophages, mast cells, some white cells. Wraps & cushions organs. Macrophages phagocytize bacteria plays important role in inflammation. Holds and conveys tissue fluid. Elastic fibers, collagen fibers & fibroblast nuclei. |
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Adipose Tissue
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*Functions: Insulation, cushioning & energy reservoir *Under skin, around kidneys & eyeballs, In breasts and abdomen. *Vacuole containing fat droplet; Nuclei of fat cells. |
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Reticular Tissue
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*Found in lymphoid tissue (spleen, bone) *Fibers form soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells & macrophages. |
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Dense Regular Connective Tissue |
*Parallel Collagen Fiber Arrangement (good for strength) *Forms: Tendons, Ligaments, Fascia *Major cell type is the fibroblast *Attaches muscle to bone; muscles; vice versa *Collagen Fibers; Nuclei of fibroblasts |
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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue |
(tension in many directions) *Found in Dermis (2nd layer of skin) *Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cell type fibroblast; Nuclei of fibroblasts & Collagen Fibers. |
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Elastic Connective Tissue
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Cartilage
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*Gelatinous matrix; tough yet flexible; Lacks nerve fibers; Avascular (no blood vessels); Chondrocytes w/ in the lacunae (cartilage cells in little depressions or Home) |
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Hyaline Cartilage
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*Amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce matrix when mature chondrocytes lie in the lacunae. |
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Elastic Cartilage
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*Contains chondrocytes & elastic fibers *Skeleton of outer ear & epiglottis (flap) *Similar to hyaline but more elastic fibers *Chondrocyte in lacuna; Matrix |
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Fibrocartilage
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*Very good strength *Rows of chondrocytes w rows of collagen fibers *Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis; menisci *Less than hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate; absorbs compressive shock; chondrocytes in lacunae & collagen fibers. |
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Bone (Osseous Tissue)
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*Composed of Matrix (collagen fibers, calcium & phosphate) *Osteocytes in lacunae (form rings around) *Haversian Canals (4 blood vessels & nerves) *Canaliculi (comm between osteocytes *Hard calcified matrix contains many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae; provides layer *Central Canal; Lacunae; Lamella; Canaliculi |
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Blood
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*Erythrocytes (RBC's) Erythro=Red *Leukocytes (WBC's) Leuko=White *Thrombocytes (Platelets) Thrombo=Clot *Transports respiratory gas, nutrients, wastes & other substances; contained in blood vessels *Plasma; Neutrophil; Red blood cells; Lymphocyte |
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Muscle Tissue Functions
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*Movement; Maintain posture & joint stability; Generate body heat |
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Skeletal Muscle
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*Nuclei; Part of muscle fiber |
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Cardiac Muscle
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*Striated; Intercalated Discs; Involuntary *As it contracts it propels blood in circulation; walls of the heart |
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Smooth Muscle
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*No striations; Involuntary; Found in visceral muscle and blood vessels *Mostly in walls of hollow organs *Smooth muscle cell; nuclei |
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Nervous Tissue
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*Neurons are branching cells; transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors & to effectors (muscles & glands) controls their activity *Nuclei of supporting cells; cell body of neuron; Neuron processes. |
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Integumentary System
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(covers 1.2-2.2sq meters, 1.5-4mm thick, 10lbs) *Appendages=Hair, nails, cutaneous glands |
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Epidermis Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium Cell Types |
*Keratinocytes: produce keratin; new epidermis every 25-45 days *Melanocytes; produce melanin *Epidermal Dendritic Cells; phagocytic; active immune system *Tactile (Merkel) Cells; Touch |
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Layers of the Epidermis |
*Stratum Basale (germinativum); deepest cell layer; single row of stem cells-highly mitotic\ *Stratum Spinosum; prickly layer *Stratum Granulosum; 3-5 cell layers; keratinization occurs in layer-cells fill with keratin & flatten;cells tougher & water resistant *Stratum Lucidum; Clear; dead keratinocytes *Stratum Corneum; outer layer; dead flattened |
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Epidermis Thick Skin (5 layers) Thin Skin (4 layers) |
*Palms, fingertips, soles *Lacks stratum lucidum *Dead cells=Dander |
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Dermis
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*Connective tissue w blood & lymphatic vessels, nerves, glands and hair follicles
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Reticular Layer
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*Dense irregular connective tissue (provides strength and resiliency) *Dermal tearing (striae) = stretch marks |
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Papillary Layer
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*Dermal papillae contain; Free nerve endings (receptors for temp, pain, itch) |
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Hypodermis
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Functions: Anchors skin, insulation, padding, energy reservoir Subcutaneous Fat; Woman vs. Men Drugs absorb quickly here |
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Melanin Carotene Hemoglobin |
*Lack of melanin=albinism & vitiligo
*Yellow to orange *Red color Ex. lips |
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Alterations in skin
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*Erythema=Red (Vessel Dilation) inflammation, emotions, fever, hypertension, allergy *Jaundice=Yellow; bilirubin; liver dysfunction *Bronzing *Black and Blue (bruising)=Hematoma *Pallor=Pale (inadequate blood flow) |
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Skin Appendages
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*Effects of nutrition and hormones *Hair scalp (terminal hair) Grows 10-18cm/yr *Lost about 90 hairs a day; Alopecia-hair loss |
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Sudoriferous (sweat glands) |
Apocrine: axillary and anogenital region. Under hormonal control-begin puberty |
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Sebaceous |
*Activated by hormones-begins at puberty *Acne=inflamed glands |
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Ceruminous Skin appendages |
Hair, Glands and Nails=composed of hard keratin |
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Functions of the Integumentary System |
Protection; Chemical Barrier-sweat prevents bacterial growth; Physical Barrier-resists water loss. Biological-Against invasion and UV radiation Thermoregulation: Sweating; constriction Excretion & Absorption: excretion of water & salts. Absorption of Vit. A,D,E,K and steroids (fat soluble) Drugs and other Nicotine; Lead Vit D Synthesis, Sensation, Blood Reservoir |
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Basal Cell (Carcinoma) |
*Cells in stratum basale proliferate *Most common form but least dangerous |
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Squamous Cell (Carcinoma) |
*Can metastasize |
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Melanoma
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*Affects melanocytes of a mole *Can metastasize quickly making it most deadly *Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, Evolution |
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1st Degree 2nd Degree 3rd Degree Treating Burns |
*Only Epidermis affected; redness, swelling, pain *Epidermis & part of dermis affected; blistering *Epidermis & Dermis affected; full thickness burn; slow regeneration;may require skin graft *Minimize fluid loss; can lead to renal shutdown and circulatory shock; prevent infection |
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Tissue Repair Depends On and Involves: |
*Regeneration: reconstruction of functional tissue; stem cells AND/OR Fibrosis-scar tissue formation ex. sever cute, burn, muscle |
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Tissue Repair
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Inflammation: mast cells release histamines (dilates capillaries) clotting proteins, antibodies, WBC's (eliminate harmful agents) Blood clot Organization-Granulation Tissue; Fibroblasts produce new collagen; new capillaries sprout; macrophages remove clot Regeneration of tissue-Scab falls off |
