Exam 1

Front 1

Abnormal

Back 1

Subjective idea infl. by social norms; look for the impact the disorder has on the person

Front 2

Human condition

Back 2

All people will face symptoms of some of the disorders, but it's just part of being human

Front 3

Med student syndrome

Back 3

Students learning about disorders diagnose everyone

Front 4

4D's (Criteria of what is/isn't abnormal)

Back 4

Deviance (statistically uncommon)

Dysfunction (maladaptive/interferes with ability to do things)

Distress (does it cause person emotional pain and distress)

Dangerous (Are they a danger to themselves/others)

Front 5

% of US population that suffers from psych disorders

Back 5

48%

Front 6

Knowledge of prehistoric societies has been acquired indirectly, is based on inferences from archeological findings and is limited

Back 6

Y

Front 7

Historians think that prehistoric societies regarded psych disorders as...

Back 7

The work of evil spirits

Front 8

The prehistoric "cure" for abnormal behavior was...

Back 8

To force the demons out through exorcism and trephination (drilling a hole in the head)

Front 9

Psych disorders on the rise:

Back 9

Anxiety

ADHD

Autism

Eating Disorders

Depression

Front 10

Greek and Roman Time period

Back 10

(500 BC to 500 AD)

Many psych disorders were identified by philosophers (like Hippocrates)

Front 11

Hippocrates believed abnormality...

Back 11

Had natural causes and resulted from internal physical problems

Ahead of his time because he knew abnormal behavior could be caused by physical issues

Front 12

Hippocrates: (Dx and Tx)

Back 12

For Dx he looked to an imbalance of the 4 humors

He suggested Tx that attempted to "rebalance" (warm baths, blood letting, massage)

Front 13

Europe in the Middle Ages led t o return of

Back 13

(500 AD to 1350)

•Demonology

•With the ⬆ of clergy ➡ ⬇ science

•Abnormality was again seen as a conflict b/w good and evil

Front 14

Incidence of abnormality during the Middle Ages in Eur.

Back 14

Increased dramatically as outbreaks of mass madness occurred

Front 15

Tx in the Middle Ages:

Back 15

Earlier Tx like exorcism reemerged

Front 16

The Renaissance brought...

Back 16

(1400 to 1700)

The rise of asylums

Front 17

German physician Johann Weyer argued...

Back 17

That the mind was susceptible to illness, just like the body

He is considered the founder of the modern study of psychopathology

This idea improved patient care

Front 18

Renaissance:

Shrines devoted to...

Back 18

The loving care of the mentally ill were established

1 at Gheel became a community mental health center

Front 19

Asylums

Back 19

Institutions whose purpose was to care for mentally ill

Front 20

Problem w/ asylums

Back 20

Overcrowding caused "warehousing" of patients

Front 21

19th Century brought:

Back 21

Reform and Moral treatment

Front 22

As the 1800s arrived asylums...

Back 22

Were reformed into places of care

Front 23

Advocates of moral Tx sought...

Back 23

Care that emphasized humane and moral Tx

In US advocates = Ben Rush (father of US psychiatry) + Dorothy Did

Europe= Pinel and Tuke

Front 24

By 1850s there was a reversal of the moral Tx movement because of...

Back 24

•$ and staff shortages

•⬇ recovery rates

• Lack of effective Tx for severely mentally ill

Front 25

After 1850s

Back 25

Long-term hospitalization became the norm again

Front 26

Earlier 20th Century:

As the moral movement was decreasing in the late 1800s, 2 opposing perspectives emerged:

Back 26

1. The Somatogenic Perspective

2. The Psychogenic Perspective

Front 27

Somatogenic Perspective:

Back 27

Abnormal functioning has physical causes

(Created optimism but led to few positive results until the 1950s)

Front 28

Psychogenic Perspective:

Back 28

Abnormal functioning has psychological causes

Front 29

Somatogenic:

2 factors for reemergement:

Back 29

1. Emil Kraeplin's textbook argued that physical factors (like fatigue) lead to mental dysfunction

2. Several biological discoveries were made (like the link b/w syphilis and general paresis)

Front 30

Earlier 20th Century:

Medicine advancements...

Back 30

Are starting to catch up to the fact that abnormal behavior can Tx with medicine

Front 31

Early 20th Century:

Psychogenic Perspective:

Primarily applied to those...

Back 31

Not requiring hospitalization

Front 32

Rise in popularity of the psychogenic persp. was based on...

Back 32

Work with hypnotism that was done by Friedrich Mesmer to treat hysterical disorders (which have no physiological cause)

Sigmund Freud (father of psychoanalysis) also did work in hypnosis and believed that unconscious processes cause abnormality

Front 33

Is there still a stigma?

Back 33

Yes. 43% of people believe that people bring mental health disorders on themselves

But the last 50yrs have brought big changes in the assessment, Dx, and Tx of mental health disorders but scientists are still struggling to make a diff.

Front 34

Tx in 1950s

Back 34

Psychotropic medications discovered

•Antipsychotics

•Antideppressants

•Anxiolytics (anti anxiety drugs)

Front 35

Discoveries in Meds led to....

Back 35

Deinstitutionalization and increase in outpatient care

Front 36

Current primary mode of Tx is...

Back 36

Outpatient care

When patients need greater care they're usually given short-term hospitalization or outpatient psychotherapy and medication in a community setting

Front 37

Outpatient care

Back 37

Once exclusively psychotherapy but now includes various settings and specialty care

Front 38

An increase on preventing disorders and promoting mental health has led to...

Back 38

The community health approach ➡ the creation of the prevention movement

Front 39

Many of today's programs try to:

Back 39

•Correct the social conditions associated with psychological probs.

•Identify those at risk for developing disorders

Front 40

Prevention programs have been energized by...

Back 40

The rise of positive psych. (The study and promotion of positive feelings, traits and abilities)

Front 41

What are the names of all the theoretical perspectives (orientations)?

Back 41

•Psychoanalytic

•Biological

•Behavioral

•Cognitive

•Humanistic-Existential

•Sociocultural

Front 42

Different types of psych professionals:

Back 42

•(Clinical) Psychologists (PhD and psychotherapy)

•Psychiatrists (MD and medications)

•Social Workers

•Marriage and family therapists

Front 43

Clinical researchers attempt to...

Back 43

Examine which concepts and theories best explain and predict abnormal behavior, which Tx are most effective, and what kinds of changes may be required

Front 44

Models of Abnormality:

Biological

Back 44

Deals with Neurotransmitters, health, genetics, brain anatomy, and latitude and sunlight (for dep.)

Front 45

MoA:

Behavioral

Back 45

Deals with conditioning:

Operant con.- Consequences, (reinforcers/rewards and punishments)

Classical con.- Pavlov and associations

Observational con.- learning behavior by watching others

Front 46

MoA:

Cognitive

Back 46

Attributions:

Internal att.- someone does something because of who they are as a person

External att.- someone does something because of their environment/situation

What kind of mindset a person has (optimist/pessimist)

Front 47

MoA:

Psychoanalytic:

Back 47

Freud

Deals with the influences of unconscious on our experiences

Components of the psyche (Id/ego/ super ego) (ego deals with defense mechanisms)

Early experiences have a major impact on how you see yourself and others

Front 48

MoA:

Social/sociocultural:

Back 48

Deals with relationships (family, friends, romantic)

Socioeconomic status and opportunities available to you

Media

Front 49

MoA:

Humanistic:

Back 49

Response to deterministic message of other movements

Deals with free will

Humans aren't determined completely by their circumstances, they have choices

ROGERS (positive growth as a default) discussed:

Unconditional positive regard (you are valued for being you)

Vs.

Conditions of worth (you are valued if...)

Front 50

MoA:

Existential:

Back 50

Argues for importance of choices but argues that with those choices comes responsibility

You're responsible for your own choices

Believes there are 3 Truths:

1. You will die

2. You die alone

3. **** HAPPENS (Life is neither fair noir predictable)

Main guy was Irving Yalom

Argues that 3 Truths create so much anxiety within us that we deny them and that anxiety interferes with our functioning and by eliminating it we can embrace life fully

Front 51

Nuerons

Back 51

Cells in your body that allow you to do everything you do

You have 100 billion of them

All have same general parts:

Dendrites: Receive info, other NTs attach to send 1 of 2 messages (fire (+) or don't fire (-))

Axon

Terminal Button: Where the cell communicates by releasing their NTs into the system (the NTs then connect to the dendrite of the next cell)

The job of the cell is to send messages. They are at -70mv and if the sum of the messages changes the gradient to -55mv the cell reaches action potential and sends the message

Front 52

3 things happen to NT once released:

Back 52

1. Bind to the next cell and then sends (+) or (-) message

2. Broken down- metabolized and removed

3. Reuptake: NTs get re-absorbed

Front 53

1st Antideprssant

Back 53

MAOI (contained enzymes that stop the breakdown of NTs)

Worked by slowing down the breakdown of NTs

⬆ amount of NTs available

Required extreme dietary restrictions bc the enzymes involved stopped the breakdown of food in the digestive track too

Front 54

Newer versions of antidepressants

Back 54

SSRIs:

Allows down the reuptaking of NTs

Causes nausea, can interfere with orgasms, causes weight gain, and headaches

Front 55

IMPORTANT

Back 55

All NTs are involved in lots of things