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248 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
sulfonylureas MOA |
increase insulin secretion |
|
|
glyburide (DiaBeta), glipizide (Glucotrol), glimepiride (Amaryl) |
sulfonylureas |
|
|
meglitinides MOA |
increase secretion of insulin |
|
|
repaglinide (Prandin), nateglinide (Starlix) |
meglitinides |
|
|
alpha-glucosidase inhibitors MOA |
delay complex carb digestion |
|
|
acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset) |
alpha-glucosidase inhibitors |
|
|
biguanide MOA |
increase use of glucose by muscle/fat, decrease hepatic glucose production, decrease intestinal absorption |
|
|
metformin (Glucophage) |
biguanide |
|
|
thiazolidinedizones (TZDs) MOA |
decrease insulin resistance |
|
|
pioglitazone (Actos), rosaglitazone (Avandia) |
TZDs |
|
|
amylin analogs MOA |
slow gastric emptying, decrease post prandial glucose secretion |
|
|
pramlintide (Symlin) |
amylin analog |
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|
incretin mimetic MOA |
stimulate release of correct amount of glucose for food eaten |
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|
exanatide (Byetta), liraglutide (Victoza) |
incretin mimetics |
|
|
DPP-4 inhibitors MOA |
balance insulin release, promote beta cell neogenesis, increase feelings of satiety |
|
|
sitagliptin (Januvia), linagliptin (Tradjenta), saxagliptin (Onglyza) |
DPP-4 inhibitors |
|
|
SGLT2 inhibitors MOA |
inhibit glucose reabsorption, glycosuria |
|
|
canagliflozin (Invokana) |
SGLT2 inhibitors |
|
|
ACEIs (DM) MOA |
adjunct therapy, decrease BP, protect kidneys |
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|
enalapril (Vasotec) |
ACEIs (DM) |
|
|
HMG-CoA Reductase inhibitors (DM) MOA |
adjunct therapy, decrease cholesterol, decrease risk of CVD |
|
|
simvastatin (Zocor) |
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (DM) |
|
|
metabolic syndrome |
abdominal fat, high triglycerides, impaired fasting glucose |
|
|
s/sx hyperglycemia |
glycosuria, polydipsia, polyuria, dehydration, polyphagia |
|
|
complications of type 2 DM |
MI, stroke, retinopathy, blindness, amputation, renal failure, HHS |
|
|
Goals of DM therapy |
normal BG, normal metabolism, prevent complications, prevent hypoglycemic episodes |
|
|
Which class of DM drugs should be avoided in pt with sulfa allergies? |
avoid sulfonylureas |
|
|
What is the failure rate of sulfonylureas after 6-7 years? |
44% |
|
|
Which is the only sulfonylurea taken on an empty stomach? |
glipizide (Glucotrol) |
|
|
Upper respiratory congestion is a side effect of which class of DM drugs? |
s/e of meglitinides |
|
|
What DM drug reduces digoxin levels? |
acarbose (Precose) |
|
|
Name 3 drug interactions with biguanides (metformin) |
corticosteroids, thiazide diuretics, alcohol |
|
|
2 ethnic groups with increased risk of DM |
African Americans, Hispanics |
|
|
Fasting BG for DM Dx |
>126 |
|
|
HbA1C for DM Dx |
>6.5 |
|
|
Desired BP for adult diabetic |
140/90 |
|
|
What causes some pt with type 2 DM to require insulin during hospitalization? |
stress, infection, fever, and some meds increase BG |
|
|
DM drugs that cause weight gain |
sulfonylureas, meglitinides, TZDs |
|
|
DM drugs that are weight neutral |
biguanides, DPP-4 inhibitors |
|
|
DM drugs that cause weight loss |
amylin analogs, incretin mimetics, SGLT2 inhibitors |
|
|
True hypoglycemics |
sulfonylureas, meglitinides, insulin |
|
|
ACEIs (HTN) MOA |
block conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II |
|
|
captopril (Capoten), lisinopril |
ACEIs |
|
|
ARBs MOA |
block effects of angiotensin II |
|
|
losartan (Cozaar), valsartan |
ARBs |
|
|
calcium channel blockers (CCBs) MOA |
block Ca to relax vascular smooth muscle |
|
|
amlodipine (Norvasc), ditiazen, vrapamil |
CCBs |
|
|
direct renin inhibitors MOA |
decrease renin activity |
|
|
Nitropress (IV), Hydralazine (PO, IV) |
direct vasodilators |
|
|
aliskiren (Tekturna) |
direct renin inhibitor |
|
|
direct vasodilators MOA |
relax blood vessel smooth muscle |
|
|
prazosin, terazosin |
alpha-blockers |
|
|
clonidine |
alpha agonists |
|
|
atenolol, metoprolol |
beta-blockers |
|
|
carvedilol, labetalol |
alpha-beta blockers |
|
|
1st line HTN treatments |
thiazide diuretics, CCBs, ACEIs, ARBs |
|
|
lifestyle modifications for HTN |
weight loss, low sodium diet, regular physical activity, moderate alcohol intake, smoking cessation |
|
|
HTN drugs that cause hyperkalemia |
ACEIs, ARBs, direct renin inhibitors |
|
|
HTN drugs contraindicated in pregnancy |
ACEIs, ARBs |
|
|
1st line HTN treatment for African Americans |
thiazide diuretics, CCBs |
|
|
1st line HTN treatment for pt with kidney disease |
ACEIs or ARBs |
|
|
Two HTN classes that should not be taken with each other or direct renin inhibitors |
ACEIs and ARBS |
|
|
ACEIs may increase serum levels of what? |
digoxin, lithium |
|
|
Which HTN frug requires intra arterial BP monitoring? |
Nitropress |
|
|
thiazide diuretics MOA |
decrease reabsorption of Na and H2O in distal convoluted tubule |
|
|
hydrochlorothiazide (Esidrix, Oretic) |
thiazide diuretic |
|
|
loop diuretics MOA |
decrease reabsorption of Na Cl in ascending loop of Henle |
|
|
furosemide (Lasix), bumetinide |
loop diuretics |
|
|
potassium-sparing diuretics |
blocks aldosterone, decreases Na reabsorption, decreases K secretion |
|
|
spirinolactone (Aldactone), amiloride, triamterene |
potassium-sparing diuretics |
|
|
osmotic diuretics MOA |
increase solute load of glomerular filtrate |
|
|
mannitol (Osmitrol) |
osmotic diuretic |
|
|
JNC Guidelines for HTN |
>60, healthy = 150/90, 18-59, healthy or >60 with DM or kidney disease = 140/90 |
|
|
HTN drugs contraindicated in pt with sulfa allergies |
thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics |
|
|
daily minimum urine output |
400mL |
|
|
normal daily urine output |
2 L |
|
|
normal GFR |
180L/day, 125 mL/min |
|
|
risk for what increases when thiazide diuretics are given with digoxin? |
hypokalemia |
|
|
what class of diuretics may cause ototoxicity? |
loop |
|
|
use of what type of diuretic with digoxin can cause digoxin toxicity? |
potassium sparing |
|
|
what should be avoided while taking a potassium-sparing diuretic? |
K supplements and salt substitues |
|
|
Why are loop diuretics used? |
rapid diuresis |
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|
barbiturates MOA |
inhibit ascending RAS, depress cerebellar function |
|
|
phenobarbital |
barbiturate |
|
|
benzodiazepines MOA |
potentiate GABA |
|
|
diazepam (Valium) |
benzodiazepine |
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|
GABA analogs MOA |
inhibit post-synaptic response |
|
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gabapentin (Neurontin) |
GABA analog |
|
|
hydantoins MOA |
delay influx of NA, prevent excitability from excessive stimulation |
|
|
phenytoin (Dilantin) |
hydantoin |
|
|
iminostilbenes MOA |
inhibition of post-synaptic responses |
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carbamazepine (Tegretol) |
iminostilbene |
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sulfonamides MOA |
adjunct therapy, controls CNS fluid secretion |
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acetazolamide (Diamox) |
sulfonamide |
|
|
carboxylic acid derivatives MOA |
increase GABA, decrease electrical activity |
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valproic acid (Depakene) |
carboxylic acid derivative |
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|
functionalized amino acids MOA |
inhibit voltage-sensitive Na channels to prevent repetitive firing |
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lacosamide (Vimport) |
funcionalized amino acid |
|
|
phenyltriazine derivatives MOA |
decrease release of glutamate |
|
|
lamotrigine (Lamicatal) |
phenyltriazine derivative |
|
|
pyrrolidine derivatives MOA |
inhibit abnormal firing |
|
|
levetricam (Keppra) |
pyrrolidine derivative |
|
|
sulfamate-substituted monosaccharides MOA |
increase GABA, sustain depolarization |
|
|
topiramate (Topomax) |
sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide |
|
|
triazole derivatives MOA |
prolong inactive Na channels |
|
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rufinamide (Benzel) |
triazole derivative |
|
|
Causes of seizure therapy failure |
noncompliance, incorrect dose/med, frequent changes/withdrawal, drug overdose, alcohol/rec. drug use, electrolyte imbalance |
|
|
Benzodiazepines (Anxiety) MOA |
bind to benzo receptors in brain |
|
|
benzodiazepine uses |
antianxiety, anticonvulsant, preop. sedation, |
|
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benzo use in older adults |
slower metabolism, smaller doses |
|
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benzo use in hepatic/renal impairment |
excessive sedation, active metabolite accumulation |
|
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benzos in critical illness |
decrease cardiac workload, increase treatment tolerance |
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muscle relaxants MOA |
CNS depression, block nerve impulses |
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carisoprodol (Soma) |
carbamate derivative (muscle relaxant) |
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baclofen (Lioresal) |
gamma-aminobutyric acid derivatives (muscle relaxant) |
|
|
cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride (Flexaril) |
tricyclic antidepressant derivative (muscle relaxant) |
|
|
tizanidine HCL (Zanaflex) |
imidazoline derivative (muscle relaxant) |
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|
hydantoin derivatives MOA |
interfere with skeletal muscle Ca release |
|
|
dantrolene |
hydantoin derivative |
|
|
contraindications for muscle relaxants |
impaired renal/hepatic function, resp. depression/use with other CNS depression, pt who needs to be alert for ADLs |
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|
clomiphene citrate (Clomid) |
ovarian stimuator |
|
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menotropin (Menopur) |
anovulation treatment |
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follitropin alfa (Gonal-F), follitropin beta (Follistim AQ) |
follicle development |
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Sympathetic nervous system
|
"fight-or-flight"
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Effects of sympathetic stimulation
|
increased BP and CO, increased BF to brain, heart, and skeletal muscle, decreased BF to, viscera, skin, organs, increased mental activity, increased rate of blood coagulation, increased respiratory rate and depth, increased sweating
|
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Main neurotransmitters in sympathetic nervous system
|
norepinephrine, epinephrine
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Sympathetic receptors
|
α1, α2, β1, β2, β3, D1
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Stimulation of α1 receptors (alpha agonists)
|
vasoconstriction (increased BP, shunts blood to heart and brain, decreased nasal congestion), constriction of urinary sphincters, contracts prostate smooth muscle, mydriasis (pupil dilation)
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Antagonism of α1 receptors (alpha blockers)
|
vasodilation (unopposed β2), relaxation of urinary sphincters, relaxes prostate smooth, muscle (unopposed β2), miosis (pupil constriction)
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Stimulation of α2 receptors
|
inhibition of presynaptic norepinephrine release, negative feedback, causes systemic reduction of BP
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Antagonism of α2 receptors
|
increase in adrenergic tone, no clinical use
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stimulation of β1 receptors (beta-1 agonists)
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increased heart rate and contractile force (positive inotropic and chronotropic effects), increased BP (increased renin secretion)
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Antagonism of β1 receptors (beta-1 blockers)
|
decreased heart rate, decreased cardiac contractility, decreased BP ( renin secretion)
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Stimulation of β2 receptors (beta-2 agonists)
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bronchodilation, relaxation of smooth muscle (vasodilation, uterine contractions), relaxes ciliary muscle in eye (flattens lens-far vision), ciliary body-causes production of aqueous humor
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Antagonism of β2 receptors (beta-2 antagonists)
|
blocks production of aqueous humor
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Stimulation of β3 receptors (beta-3 agonists)
|
relaxes detrusor muscle in bladder, used for overactive bladder, one drug: mirabegron (Mybetriq)
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Adrenergic
|
relating to sympathetic nervous system
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Direct acting adrenergic drugs
|
stimulate receptor directly, epinephrine, isoproterenol
|
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Indirect acting adrenergic drugs
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stimulate release of an endogenous sympathetic, neurotransmitter or inhibits its breakdown, cocaine, amphetamine
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Which drugs combine the effects of direct and indirect acting adrenergic drugs?
|
pseudoephedrine, ephedrine
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Uses and example of α1 agonists
|
very little β stimulation, no increased HR, critical care to increase BP, EX: phenylephrine, nasal decongestant, ophthalmic decongestant, EX: oxymetazoline
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Uses and example of α2 agonists
|
very little beta stimulation, 4th to 5th line antihypertensive, systemic reduction of NE outflow, EX: clonidine
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What is one caution to consider with clonidine?
|
chronic stimulation causes down regulation of, α2 receptors, abrupt discontinuation can cause reflex tachycardia
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What needs to be taken into consideration with the use of an α1 agonist as a nasal decongestant?
|
rhinitis medicamentosa: receptor down, regulation from overuse, profound nasal congestion
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Uses and example of alpha/beta agonists (α, β1)
|
α and β1 stimulation, used for low SVR in sepsis, EX: norepinephrine (Levophed), "leave 'em dead," bad reputation for poor outcome
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Uses and example of alpha/beta agonists (all receptors)
|
used when positive inotropic effect desired (β2 stimulation), EX: epinephrine
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Ephedrine
|
α1, β1, β2, bronchodilator, alertness aid, nasal decongestant, weight loss drug, Clinically: hypotension, bronchospasm
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Pseudoephedrine
|
α1, β1, β2, bronchodilatornasal decongestant
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Uses and example of β1 agonist
|
increased HR and vasodilation, EX: dobutamine
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Uses and example of β2 agonist
|
bronchodilation and cessation of premature, uterine contrations, EX: albuterol, pirbuterol
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Dopamine
|
stimulates DA at low doses (<2mcg, vasodilation), stimulates β1 at moderate doses (5-10 mcg, increased CO), stimulates α1 at high doses (>10mcg, vasoconstriction, increased SVR)
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Other names for anti-adrenergic drugs
|
alpha/beta blockers, sympatholytics
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Effects of α1 blockers
|
vasodilation (unopposed β2), prevention of α stimulated contraction of prostate muscle
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Examples of α1 blockers
|
HTN: prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin, BPH: same as above, tamsulosin (Flowmax), alfuzosin (Uroxatral), silodosin (Rapaflow)
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Adverse effects of α1 blockers
|
reflex tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension
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Effects of β blockers
|
decreased HR, CO, renin production, BP
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Effects and examples of non-selective β blockers
|
vasoconstriction and bronchoconstriction (unopposed α1), Ex: propronolol, timolol
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Effects and examples of selective β1 blockers
|
less vasoconstriction and bronchoconstriction (β2 mediated), selectivity is dose related, Ex: atenolol, metroprolol
|
|
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Advantage and example of alpha/beta blockers
|
less bradycardia and reflex tachycardia, Ex: lebatolol, carvedilol
|
|
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Uses of anti-adrenergic drugs
|
HTN, CHF, classic angina, migraine prophylaxis, post MI, arrhythmias, glaucoma
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|
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What are two cautions with beta blockers?
|
may agitate asthma, reactive airway disease, COPD, receptor up regulation causes tachycardia upon abrupt discontinuation
|
|
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Parasympathetic nervous system
|
"rest and digest"
|
|
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Effects of parasympathetic nervous system
|
vasodilation in skin, decreased HR, bronchoconstriction, contraction of bladder, smooth muscle, contraction of skeletal smooth muscle, SLUDD (salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defecation)
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Parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter
|
acetylcholine
|
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Receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system
|
muscarinic receptors
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|
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Effects of muscarinic receptor stimulation
|
skeletal/smooth muscle contration (gut peristalsis, decreased HR, bladder contraction), increased secretions from glands, eye accommodation (convex lens, miosis)
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Effects of muscarinic receptor antagonism
|
increased HR, bronchodilation, reduced mucous production, mydriasis, far vision, xerostomia (dry mouth), constipation, urinary retention, sedation
|
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Cholinergic
|
related to parasympathetic nervous system
|
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Systems affected by cholinergic drugs
|
GI, GU, brain, heart, eyes
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Common uses of cholinergic drugs
|
glaucoma, urinary retention, Alzheimer's disease, Myasthenia gravis
|
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Cautions with cholinergic drugs
|
asthma, COPD (bronchoconstriction, increased secretions), Urinary or GI obstruction, PUD (increased gastric secretions)
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Uses and example of direct acting cholinergics
|
urinary retention, neurogenic bladder, GERD, Ex: bethanechol
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Uses and examples of indirect acting cholinergics
|
myasthenia gravis, Ex: neostigmine, pyridostigmine, Alzheimer's, Ex: donepezil (Aricept)
|
|
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Anticholinergic drugs: MOA
|
competitive binding to muscarinic receptors, blocks action of acetylcholine
|
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Effects of anticholinergic drugs
|
increased HR, decreased salivation, bronchodilation, mydriasis, relaxation of bladder, sedation
|
|
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Uses of anticholinergic drugs
|
gastritis, overactive bladder, mydriasis, bronchodilation, increased HR
|
|
|
Atropine
|
PO, IM, IV, SQ, eye drops, increase HR in sinus bradycardia, antidote for cholinergic poisoning, mydriasis for ophthalmic procedures
|
|
|
Examples of GI/GU antispasmodics
|
Hyocyamine, Dicyclomine, Glycopyrrolate
|
|
|
Scopolamine
|
used for sedation, motion sickness, 72 hour patch for motion sickness
|
|
|
Pulmonary antocholinergics
|
ipratropium (Atrovent): nasal spray, oral inhaler, tiotropium (Spiriva): dry powder inhaler
|
|
|
Anticholinergics for overactive bladder
|
oxybutynin (Ditropan), tolterodine (Detrol), darifenacin (Enablex), solifenacin (Vesicare), trospium (Sanctura)
|
|
|
Penicillin G procaine, Penicillin G benzathine
|
parenteral dosage, IM only, absorbed slowly over 24 hours
|
|
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Penicillin G potassium
|
IM, IV, only, rapid IM absorption
|
|
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Penicillin V
|
Oral dosage, take on empty stomach
|
|
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ampicillin
|
broad spectrum penicillin, IV, IM, PO
|
|
|
amoxicillin
|
broad spectrum penicillin, PO only
|
|
|
Unasyn
|
ampicillin + sulbactam
|
|
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Augmentin
|
amoxicillin + clavulanate
|
|
|
tarcarcillin
|
extended spectrum penicillin
|
|
|
piperacillin
|
extended spectrum penicillin
|
|
|
Zosyn
|
piperacillin + tazobactam
|
|
|
Timentin
|
ticarcillin + clavulanate
|
|
|
dicloxacillin
|
beta lactamase resistant penicillin, PO only, 30-60 min half life
|
|
|
methacillin
|
no longer marketed due to resistance (MRSA)
|
|
|
clavulanate, sulbactam, tazobactam
|
beta lactamase inhibitors
|
|
|
cefazolin
|
1st generation cephalosporin, used as surgical prophylaxis
|
|
|
cephalexin
|
1st generation cephalosporin, used for skin infections
|
|
|
cefprozil
|
2nd generation cephalosporin
|
|
|
ceftazidime
|
3rd generation cephalosporin, crosses BBB, used parenterally to treat meningitis
|
|
|
ceftaroline
|
5th generation cephalosporin, designed for MRSA, IV only, only agent
|
|
|
Imipenem/cilistatin
|
carbapenem, parenteral only, last line for resistant bacteria
|
|
|
aztreonam
|
monobactams, only agent, parenteral only, gram negative aerobes (neisseria, pseudomonas)
|
|
|
vancomysin
|
glycopeptides, IV, oral only for C. diff, red man syndrome if infused to quickly
|
|
|
tetracycline, doxacycline, minocycline
|
tetracylcines, PO given on empty stomach, avoid Ca2+, Fe, Mg
|
|
|
erythromycin, clarithromycin
|
macrolides, potent CYP3A4 inhibitors-drug interactions, don't take clarithromycin on empty stomach
|
|
|
azithromycin
|
macrolide, "z-pack," long half life allows for 5 day therapy
|
|
|
fidaxomicin (Dificid)
|
newest macrolide, used only for C. diff
|
|
|
clindamycin
|
PO, IV, topical, vaginal, once common alternative to PCN, limited due to resistance
|
|
|
gentamicin
|
aminoglycoside, IV (preferred), IM, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity
|
|
|
naldixic acid
|
1st generation fluoroquinolone, uncomplicated UTI
|
|
|
ciprofloxacin
|
2nd generation fluoroquinolone, PO, ophthalmic, IV
|
|
|
levofloxacin
|
3rd generation fluoroquinolone, PO, ophthalmic, IV
|
|
|
moxifloxacin
|
4th generation fluoroquinolone, PO, ophthalmic
|
|
|
Sulamethoxazole/trimethoprim (Septra, Bactrim)
|
sulfonamide, trimethoprim is a folic acid inhibitor-potassium sparing, CYP450 inhibitor
|
|
|
epinephrine, isoproterenol
|
direct adrenergic drugs
|
|
|
ephedrine, pseudoephedrine
|
direct/indirect adrenergic drugs
|
|
|
phenylephrine
|
alpha-1 agonist, increased BP without heart stimulation, critical care
|
|
|
clonidine
|
alpha-2 agonist, systemic reduction on NE outflow, 4th to 5th line antihypertensive, caution: down regulation
|
|
|
oxymetazoline (Afrin, Visine LR)
|
topical, nasal decongestant, ophthalmic decongestant
|
|
|
norepinephrine (Levophed)
|
alpha and beta-1 receptors, low SVR in sepsis, bad reputation
|
|
|
epinephrine
|
alpha-1, beta-1, beta-2, bronchodilator, alertness aid, nasal decongestant, ineffective weight loss drug, clinically used for hypotension, bronchospasm
|
|
|
pseudoephedrine
|
alpha-1, beta-1, beta-2, bronchodilator, nasal decongestant
|
|
|
dobutamine
|
beta-1 agonist, increased HR, vasodilation, used in combination with pressor agents for increased BP
|
|
|
albuterol, pirbuterol
|
beta-2 agonist, bronchodilator (asthma, COPD), premature uterine contractions
|
|
|
dopamine
|
<2mcg: vasodilation, increased renal blood flow, 5-10mcg: beta-1, increased CO, >10mcg: alpha-1, vasoconstriction, increased SVR
|
|
|
prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin
|
alpha-1 blockers, HTN, cause reflex tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension
|
|
|
tamsulosin (Flomax), alfuzosin (Urozatral), silodosin (Rapaflo)
|
alpha-1 blockers, BPH
|
|
|
propranolol, timolol
|
non-selective beta blockers, vaso/bronchoconstriction via, unopposed alpha-1
|
|
|
atenolol, metoprolol
|
selective beta-1 blockers, less vaso/bronchoconstriction
|
|
|
lebatolol, carvedilol
|
alpha/beta blockers, less bradycardia, reflex tachycardia
|
|
|
Beta blockers for CHF
|
carvedilol, bisoprolol, metoprolol
|
|
|
Beta blockers for arrhythmias
|
sotalol
|
|
|
Beta blockers for glaucoma
|
timolol, metipranolol
|
|
|
pilocarpine
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cholinergic, PO, increase salivary secretions
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neostigmine, pyridostigmine
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indirect acting cholinergics, myasthenia gravis
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Alzheimer's agents
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donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Razadyne), rivastigmine (Exelon), tacrine (Cognex) |
|
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atropine
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PO, IM, SQ, IV, increase HR, mydriasis for ophthalmic procedures, crosses BBB
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hyocyamine, dicyclomine, glycopyrrolate
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anticholinergic, GI/GU antispasmodics
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|
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scopolamine
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anticholinergic, sedation, motion sickness, 72 hour patch for motion sickness
|
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ipratropium (Atrovent), tiotropium (Spiriva)
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anticholinergic, pulmonary, nasal spray, oral inhaler, dry inhaler
|
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oxybutynin (Ditropan, Oxytrol), tolterodine (Detrol), darifenacin (Enablex), solifenacin (Vesicare), trospium (Sanctura)
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anticholinergic, used for overactive bladder
|
|
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pindolol, penbutolol, acebutolol
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ISA beta blockers, don't cause bradycardia
|
|
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chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine (Benadryl), hydroxyzine, bromphiramine
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sedating antihistamines
|
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loratadine (Claritin), desloratadine (Clarinex), fexofenadine (Allegra), centirizine (Zyrtec), azelastine
|
non-sedating antihistamines
|
|
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fluticasone (Flonase), triamcinolone (Nasacort)
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nasal steroids
|
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pseudoephedrine, ephedrine, phenylephrine
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oral decongestants
|
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centrally acting antitussives
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opiates (hydrocodone, codeine), non-narcotics (dextomethorphan)
|
|
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guaifenesin (Mucinex, Robutussin)
|
thin bronchial mucous, take with lots of water, "chest congestion"
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