Exam 1 For Anxiety Disorders

Front 1

Is there a problem when sufferers from anxiety visit the general physician?

Back 1

Yes, general physicians generally have little to no psychology training for anxiety. Symptoms manifest themselves physically.

Front 2

What is a benzodiazepine?

Back 2

A prescription drug used more than any other medication in the world. (Used for depression, bi-polar disorder, and anxiety)

Front 3

What gender do anxiety disorders affect most?

Back 3

Females

Front 4

What anxiety disorder has the highest prevalence within the U.S.?

Back 4

Specific phobias (AROUND 19.2 million)

Front 5

Which anxiety disorder has the lowest prevalence within the U.S.?

Back 5

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (AROUND 2.2 million, although this is believed to be highly under diagnosed- don't realize rituals, unknown to help)

Front 6

How many people are diagnosed with Social Phobias?

Back 6

ROUGHLY 15 million in the US

Front 7

What is the gender difference in diagnoses within Panic Disorder?

Back 7

Females have a higher ratio (2.5x) of this disorder.

Front 8

What is the gender difference in diagnoses within OCD?

Back 8

There is no gender difference

Front 9

What is panic disorder divided into?

Back 9

Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia and Panic Disorder without Agoraphobia

Front 10

What are the differences in types of OCD between the genders?

Back 10

Females typically have contamination OCD, males have symmetry OCD

Front 11

What is the mean age of onset for simple phobias?

Back 11

Aprox. age 5

Front 12

What is the mean age onset of OCD?

Back 12

Aprox, age 17

Front 13

What is the mean age onset of Social Phobia?

Back 13

Aprox age 14

Front 14

In the autonomic nervous system there are the "fight" and "flight" responses. Which is which?

Back 14

Fight stems from the parasympathetic nervous system. Flight stems from he sympathetic nervous system.

Front 15

Do panic attacks stem from sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?

Back 15

The sympathetic.

Front 16

What is the amygdala?

Back 16

It is in the limbic system, offers the danger message. All-system alarm. Memory of threats.

Front 17

What is the hippocampus?

Back 17

This is where long term memories are formed out of short term ones. Fears and panic attacks get formed into LTM (persist).

Front 18

In survival mode, what is the role of constricting the peripheral blood vessels?

Back 18

this allows more blood to flow to the skeletal muscles.

Front 19

In survival mode, what is the role of shivering (hot/cold spells)

Back 19

This stems from evolutionary psychology- makes you look bigger because hairs on body stand straight up

Front 20

In survival mode, what is the role of rapid breathing?

Back 20

This gets more oxygen to the brain- clearer thinking.

Front 21

In survival mode, what is the role of pupil dilation?

Back 21

This improved peripheral vision

Front 22

In survival mode, what is the role of digestive activity stopping?

Back 22

this gets rid of possible toxins, similarly, "cotton mouth" prevents eating and possibility of ingesting more toxins

Front 23

In survival mode, what is the role of possible fainting?

Back 23

This prevents shock and large loss of blood due to unconsciousness.

Front 24

Describe "waxy flexibility"

Back 24

In animals, this is referred to as "tonic immobility", and in animals, "rape-induced paralysis" because the body is in survival mode and will allow for less pain. Scientists are not completely sure why this happens.

Front 25

What are some similarities between tonic immobility and rape-induced paralysis?

Back 25

Inability to move, shaking, suppressed vocal behavior, no loss of consciousness, numbness, reduced body temperature, sudden onset and termination and aggression afterwards.

Front 26

What is the shadow of intelligence?

Back 26

The ability to plan: benefits to anxiety because of intellect to get through something and you need anxiety to a point. (Think of the Dobson Bell Curve) SO, limited anxiety, limited duration and positive outcomes.

Front 27

What is the specter of death?

Back 27

This is an anxiety that helps rather than hinders. Gives an apprehensive feeling: long intensity, long duration, highly noticeable, negative outcomes (socially and physiologically disruptive), triggers psychologically distressing symptoms.

Front 28

The concept of worry vs. anxiety

Back 28

Worry is ego-systonic (violates things you think are important about you). While anxiety is ego-dystonic (thoughts that are opposite of what you believe) Worry is consequence of action, anxiety is consequence of thought itself. Anxiety is high TAF

Front 29

What is self efficacy?

Back 29

how you feel your ability to handle a certain situation.

Front 30

What are the core characteristics of panic?

Back 30

urge to escape, avoidance of situations, fear of embarrassment, unidentifiable environmental cue (unless phobia), SUDDEN ONSET, and 5-8 minutes long

Front 31

What are the four focus categories of "most fear" within a situation (Think of his "Grad School" advice)

Back 31

Physical Fear (illness, death), Psychological Fear (no control, craziness), Social Fear (humiliation), Spiritual Fear (God's disapproval)

Front 32

What is included in diagnosis of Panic?

Back 32

4+ physiological symptoms, behavioral symptoms, and cognitive symptoms

Front 33

What are the differences between panic attacks and panic disorder?

Back 33

Panic attacks are the symptoms which fire at inappropriate times (false alarms), and panic disorder is recurrent, unexpected panic attacks (at least two) followed by concern (intense) over attacks

Front 34

What is nocturnal panic?

Back 34

A panic attack that occurs 1-4 hours from sleep onset, always between stage 2 and 3 sleep and not associated with any sleep disorder.

Front 35

Panic attacks (false alarms) occur in what percentage of population?

Back 35

15%

Front 36

What is triple vulnerabilities?

Back 36

The disposition to anxiety because of three interactions: biological composition, psychological style and social learning history. The BIO PSYCHOSOCIAL process

Front 37

In the bio-psychosocial process, what is the difference between vulnerability and compound vulnerability?

Back 37

The compound vulnerability is more than one stressor. These are endogenous (born like this), stable and latent (cannot always be seen). but they always need a precipitating environmental event for activation

Front 38

What is polygenic composition?

Back 38

Predisposition to anxiety disorder can come from brain circuitry, neurochemistry, neuroanatomical structures, temperament, hyper-arousal SNS dominant and neurophysiology.

Front 39

How can anxiety disorders be explained in a neurochemical way?

Back 39

can be explained by deficiency levels of sterotonin (primarily needed in basal ganglia).

Front 40

What is the basal ganglia?

Back 40

part of the brain that helps initiate and stop gross motor movements (OCD cannot stop this).

Front 41

Caudate Nucleus is what?

Back 41

When working correctly, it allows unnessicary information (thoughts/impulses), to be filtered out (disregarded). When not functioning correctly, intrusive thoughts become overwhelming (ignores relevant information) Also, hard in ADD population.

Front 42

What is the Orbital-Frontal cortex?

Back 42

located in the frontal lobe, responsible for filtering information, inhibiting responses to irrelevant stimuli, and alerts us when something is wrong, creates an avoidance of that situation (i.e. an early warning system), appears to be working overtime in anxiety population

Front 43

What are the temperment compositions for anxiety?

Back 43

High neuroticism, low extroversion, negative affect, trait/state anxiety, anxiety sensitivity

Front 44

What is anxiety sensitivity?

Back 44

Really focus on intraseptive stimuli and misdiagnose them (hypochandriac)

Front 45

What is emotional reasoning?

Back 45

conclude that based on the emotion felt that the thought must be true

Front 46

What is intraseptive stimuli?

Back 46

internal symptoms

Front 47

Cognitive activity can be modified how?

Back 47

With cognitive therapy

Front 48

The dynamic interaction for cognitive vulnerability?

Back 48

What we think: interactions between thoughts, images and feelings. (abstract Thinkers versus concrete thinkers)

Front 49

Describe the cognitive triangle

Back 49

Interactions between how you explain your behavior, how you explain others behavior and how you see the world.

Front 50

What are the four cognitive beliefs to a non clinical population>

Back 50

Need to be cautious, a belief in fairness, desire for certainty, and fear of known specific threats

Front 51

Describe the core cognitive beliefs specific to anxiety disorders

Back 51

overestimating the probability of danger, heightened sense of personal vulnerability, desire for certainty, threat-related beliefs, and fear of consequences (re: anxiety)

Front 52

What is error of omission

Back 52

The error of when you do not something they should have done, but didn't and feel responsible for danger. Feel that it is the individuals fault

Front 53

What is the error of commission

Back 53

did something they feel put other people in danger. Feel like it is the individual's fault

Front 54

Describe the attribution theory

Back 54

the cognitive appraisal is how you interpret an event dictates one's behavior

Front 55

Name some examples of key cognitive errors, mis-appraisals and faulty thinking

Back 55

"All or None" (Polarized) Thinking, Thought/Action Fusion, "Intolerance of Uncertainty", Over generalization, Mental Filtering, Emotional Reasoning

Front 56

Internal locus of control

Back 56

When we believe we have control of what happens to us. Believe they have skills/resources to handle certain situations.

Front 57

Clinical Depression/Anxiety for attributional styles

Back 57

Attributes success to external/stable or unstable factors (luck or difficulty) and failures to internal/stable factors (ability)