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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Principles of passive transport |
Diffusion, concentration gradient, rate of diffusion |
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Osmosis |
Movement of water down a gradient or across a permeable barrier into an area of lower water concentration Concentration of solute must be greater where the water is moving to |
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In order for osmosis to occur, the concentration of solute must be ..... |
Greater where the water is moving to. |
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Osmosis (under right conditions) will always occur even if it is not in your bodies best interest |
True |
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Hydrostatic pressure |
(Blood pressure) The mechanical force of water pushing against the cellular membranes, blood vessels and capillaries |
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Diffusion |
Movement of particles down a concentration gradient from higher concentration to lower concentration until equal concentration occurs on both sides of membrane |
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concentration gradient |
difference in concentration of particles within different areas of the body |
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Rate of diffusion |
affected by net difference (+ or -) of gradient and number of particles available. Kenetic movement of those particles, and number of pores available for substances to move through when diffusion is needed. |
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How do lipid soluble substances diffuse? |
through the cell wall |
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how do water soluble substance diffuse? |
through pores. cant go straight through cell wal |
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Oncotic pressure |
the overall effect of colloids such as plasma proteins |
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what is a colloid? |
a protein |
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oncotic pressure is determines mostly by what? |
concentration of protein |
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what is albumin? |
a protein tat is most concentrated so it has the most effect on water movement in oncotic pressure |
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as water moves out of you pores what does albumin do? |
pulls it back |
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Mitosis |
cell cycle in which non germ cells are replicated |
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meiosis |
replicating germ cells that results in the formation of gametes or reproductive cells (sex cells) |
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explain Interphase |
before mitosis, 3 steps : G1 phase S phase G2 Phase |
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G1 phase (gap) |
Major Checkpoint beginning increase in volume of cells. in RNA and protein synthesis. |
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S phase |
DNA synthesized in nucleus |
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G2 phase (gap) |
Protein synthesis occurs, chromatin begins to coil once cell passes this phase, it will devide no matter what. |
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what are the 3 types of growth factor |
EGF VEGF FGF |
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What are the two major checkpoints in the growth phase (interphase) |
G1 s and G2M |
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EGF |
Epidermal GF |
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VEGF |
Vascular endothelial GF |
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FGF |
Fibroblast GF |
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Proto-oncogenes |
Provide signals that lead to cell division or programmed cell death (apoptosis) |
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RAS |
stops cell cycle at check points if there is something wrong |
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What happens if RAS is mutated? |
it will not stop bad cells, they will wave through |
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Tumor suppressor Genes |
Master watchmen, at checkpoints as well. activated only if there is an error during growth or replication can halt for repair or apoptosis. Examples: p53 BRCAI BRCA2 APC |
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how long does a complete cell cycle take? |
12 to 24 hours |
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How long does mitosis take? |
1 hour |
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what are examples of cells that do not divide at all? |
nerves, lens, muscle cells |
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which cells divide rapidly? |
intestine, lung, skin |
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what causes shorter replication time? |
time spent in G1 phase. (shorter) |
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Homeostatis |
balance, your body tries to maintain this even if it is not ideal for you |
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Atrophy |
Shrinkage in cell size ex: broken arm not in use |
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Hypertrophy |
increase in cell size ex: gym muscles or heart |
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hyperplasia |
increase in cell number ex: gums |
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metaplasia |
when normal cells are replaced with other normal cells. EX: acid reflux |
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Dysplasia |
Abnormal, changed size, shape, and type,. cancer related |
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Hypoxic injury |
lack of Oxygen , cell death. due to no ATP |
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Ischemia |
Decrease in blood supplu |
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Infarction |
NO blood supply |
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Free Radical injury |
uncharged atom with unpaired electron unstable, causes injurous chemical bonds damage lipids, alter proteins and DNA |
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ROS |
reactive oxygen species in low level , beneficial products os metabolism |
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Oxidative stress does what? |
DNA damage, Changes in gene expression, when production exceeds elimination. |
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how does chemical injury occur? |
direct toxicity to cell formation of free radicals resulting in lipid peroxidation |
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what 2 chemicals commonly cause injury? |
carbon monoxide binds to 02 receptors, ammonia skin burns |
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Mechanical injury |
blunt force, sharp force gun shots asphyxial physical agents |
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Blunt force |
tearing, shredding, crushing tissue |
