Pathophysiology, Huether, Exam 1

Front 1

What are two common forms of aneuploidy?

Back 1

Monosomy and trisomy

Front 2

What is aneuploidy?

Back 2

The occurence of a cell that does not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes

Front 3

Loss of chromosome material has (more/less) serious consequence than duplication of chromosome material.

Back 3

MORE; it is better to have more than what's needed than to not have enough.

Front 4

Aneuploidy is usally the result of what?

Back 4

Nondisjunction (homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate normally during meiosis or mitosis)

Front 5

What are some of the characteristics of Klinefelter's disease?

Back 5

*Moderate degree of mental impairment
*Male appearance, but sterile
*Develop female-like breasts
*Somewhat high-pitched voice
*Sparse body hair
*Small testicles

Front 6

What is gynecosmastia?

Back 6

The development of female-like breasts (in males who have chromosomal abnormalities such as Klinefelter's Syndrome)

Front 7

What is Atrophy?

Back 7

A decrease or shrinkage in cellular size

Front 8

What is Hypertrophy?

Back 8

An increase in size of cells and consequently in the size of the infected organ

Front 9

Describe Hyperplasia

Back 9

An increase in the number of cells resulting from an increased rate of cellular division

Front 10

What is Dysplasia?

Back 10

Abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells

Front 11

Define Metaplasia

Back 11

Metaplasia is the reversable replacement of one mature cell type by another, sometimes less differentiated, cell type.

Front 12

Hypoxia is

Back 12

A lack of sufficient oxygen

Front 13

What is the single most common cause of Hypoxia?

Back 13

Ischemia

Front 14

What is Ischemia?

Back 14

Reduced blood supply

Front 15

Define the difference between necrosis and apoptosis

Back 15

Necrosis is a common type of cell death with severe cell swelling and the breakdown of organelles.
Apoptosis is cellular self-destruction for elimination of unwanted cell populations

Front 16

Name the 5 types of necrosis

Back 16

1. coagulative
2. liquifactive
3. caseous
4. fat
5. gangrenous

Front 17

Describe Coagulative necrosis and where it occurs.

Back 17

Occurs mainly in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands. Commonly results from hypoxia caused by severe ischemia. Coagulation caused by protein denaturation.

Front 18

Describe Liquifactive necrosis and where it occurs.

Back 18

Results from ischemia injury to neurons and glia cells in the brain.

Front 19

Describe Caseous necrosis and where it occurs.

Back 19

Results from tuberculosis pulmonary infection, especially by mycobacterium tyberculosis. Occurs in the lungs.

Front 20

Describe fat necrosis and where it occurs.

Back 20

A cellular dissolution caused by powerful enzymes (lipases) that occur in the breast, pancreas, and other abdominal structures.

Front 21

Describe gangrenous necrosis and where it occurs.

Back 21

Refers to the death of tissue and results from severe hypoxic injury commonly occuring because of arterial sclerosis or blockage of major arteries (particularly those in the lower leg).

Front 22

What is karyolysis?

Back 22

Nuclear dissolution and lysis of chromatin from the action of hydrolytic enzymes

Front 23

Autolysis is

Back 23

Autodigestion (the process of cellular self-digestion)

Front 24

Describe pyknosis

Back 24

Occurs when the nucleus shrinks and becomes a small, dense mass of genetic material

Front 25

What are the 3 types of burns?

Back 25

1. first degree
2. second degree
3. third degree

Front 26

Describe a first degree burn

Back 26

A partial-thickness injury involving only the epidermis; Local pain, erythema, blisters appear after 24 hours; systemic responses include chills, headache, localized edema, nausea/vomiting.

Front 27

In regard to a first degree burn, what is general healing time?

Back 27

3-5 days without scarring

Front 28

What is the treatment for a first degree burn?

Back 28

Frequent application of water-soluble lotion, and administration of aspirin or acetaminophen every 4 hours

Front 29

Describe second degree burns

Back 29

Two categories of burn depth:
superficial and deep partial-thickness

Front 30

In regard to second degree burns, what is the treatment?

Back 30

Surgical removal of burn wound, autograft. Healing results in hypertrophic scarring with poor functional and cosmetic results.

Front 31

What is the healing time for second degree burns?

Back 31

3-4 weeks given adequate nourishment, and no complications.

Front 32

Describe third degree burns

Back 32

Full-thickness burns that involve the destruction of the epidermis, dermis, and often underlying subcutaneous tissue

Front 33

What is the treatment for third degree burns?

Back 33

Skin graft, scarring minimized by early excision and grafting (influenced by genetic predisposition) Escharotomies performed to release pressure and prevent compartment syndrome.

Front 34

Time frame for healing of third degree burns?

Back 34

Will not heal. May close from edges as secondary healing if wound is small.

Front 35

What is Escharotomies?

Back 35

Tissue decompression by cutting through burned skin

Front 36

What is compartment syndrome?

Back 36

The compression of blood vessels, veins, muscle or abdominal organs resulting in irreversible injury.

Front 37

Define the difference between H1 and H2 receptors

Back 37

H1 are found in the lungs
H2 are found in the gut

Front 38

Explain phagocytosis

Back 38

The process by which a cell ingests and disposes of foreign material including microorganisms.

Front 39

What is the destinguishing factor of a neutrophil?

Back 39

It is the first responder on sight of injury within 6-12 hours of initial injury.

Front 40

Explain the cellular components of inflammation

Back 40

Cytokines (classified as interleukins or interferons. Interleukin-1 is a proinflammatory cytokine produced mainly by macrophages. Interleukin-10 is anti-inflammatory and produced by lympocytes. Interferons are cytokines that protect against viral infections. There are 3 types: alpha, beta, and gamma. Tumor-necrosis factor is secreted by macrophages in response to recognition of toll-like receptors.

Front 41

Difference between acute and chronic inflammation

Back 41

The duration: Chronic lasts 2 weeks or longer, regardless of cause and is sometimes preceded by an unsuccessful acute inflammatory response.

Front 42

Explain what happens in pediatrics population with inflammation

Back 42

PEDS:
*depressed inflammatory function
*neutrophils incapable of chemotaxis
* tendency for infections associated with chemotactic defects
*diminished oxidative and bacterial responses in those stressed by in utero infection/respiratory insufficiency
*partial deficiency in complement, and tendency to develop severe overwhelming sepsis and meningitis when infected by bacteria against which no maternal antibodies are present.

Front 43

Explain what happens in aging populations with inflammation

Back 43

ELDERLY: At risk for impaired wound healing (chronic illness), taking required meds that may interfere with healing (steroids), At risk for sustaining wounds because of impaired sensation or mobility and physiologic changes in skin, loss of subcutaneous fat, thickened and less elastic collagen fibers, and atrophied epidermis (increases risk of hypoxia, decreases perfusion.)

Front 44

Clinical manifestations of Systemic lupus Erythematosus include

Back 44

*Butterfly shaped rash across nose and cheeks
*Raised patches/scaling
*Photosensitivity
*Oral/nasopharyngeal ulcers
*Nonerosive arthritis of at least 2 periferal joints
*Serositis (inflammation of membranes of lungs or heart)
*Renal disorder
*Neurological disorders
*Hematological disorders
*Immunological disorders
*Presence of antinuclear antibodies

Front 45

What is the difference between a bacterial infection and a fungal infection?

Back 45

Bacterial infections are caused by prokaryotic organisms and are treated by antibiotics.
Fungal infections are caused by relatively large microorganisms that lack peptidoglycan which allows the fungi to resist the action of bacterial cellw all inhibitors.

Front 46

Secondary deficiencies are (more/less) common than primary deficiencies

Back 46

MORE

Front 47

Secondary deficiencies are caused by what?

Back 47

Normal physiologic conditions
Psychological stress
Dietary insufficiencies
Infections
Malignancies
Medical Treatments
Physical Trauma
AIDS

Front 48

Describe the mechanism of action AIDS

Back 48

Caused by a virus (HIV), it depletes the body's T helper cells.