Pathophysiology Exam 2 Review

Front 1

ENDOCYTOSIS?
PHAGOCYTOSIS?
PINOCYTOSIS?

Back 1

ENDOCYTOSIS- occurs when pits invaginate, internalizing ligand receptor complexes in coated vesicles.
PHAGOCYTOSIS- A type of endocytosis in which large particles such as bacteria are ingested through vacuoles.
PINOCYTOSIS- type of endocytosis in which fluid and solute molecules are ingested through form. of small vesicles "cell drinking"

Front 2

What are the growth factors?

Back 2

cytokines-peptides that transmit signals within and between cells.

Front 3

What is the danger of free radicals?

Back 3

They can cause membrane damage , difficult to control and initiate chain reactions. Can cause lipid peroxidation, alterations of protein, alterations of DNA.

Front 4

Causes of EDEMA?

Back 4

Accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces, caused by arterial dilation, venous or lymphatic obstruction, loss of plasma proteins, increased capillary permeability, increased vascular volume.

Front 5

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENTIATION LINE OF THE NEUTROPHIL?

Back 5

1- HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL
2-COMMON MYELOID PROGENITOR
3-GRANULOCYTE/MONOCYTE PROGENITOR
4-GRANULOCYTE PROGENITOR
5-MYELOBLAST
6-NEUTROPHIL

Front 6

What are ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES?

Back 6

ANTIBODY-
immunoglobulin, a serum glycoprotein produced by plasma cells in response to a challenge by an immunogen.
FIVE classes of immunoglobulins.
ANTIGENS-
A molecule that can react with antibodies, or antigen receptors on B AND T cells.

Front 7

WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF IMMUNITY?

Back 7

-INNATE RESISTANCE OR IMMUNITY BY NATURAL BARRIERS & INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
AND
ADAPTIVE (ACQUIRED) IMMUNE SYSTEM.

Front 8

NAME SOME PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL BARRIERS?

Back 8

first line of defense!!
skin and mucous membranes
cathelicidins and defensins are antimicrobials prod. by epithelial cells.
normal bacterial flora.

Front 9

CHARCTERISTICS OF THE SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE(INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE) ?

Back 9

rapidly initiated, non-specific.
vascular vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and white blood cell adherence to vessel walls.
- The classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway.
Results in opsonization, activation of anaphylatoxins, cell lysis, leukocyte chemotaxis.

Front 10

HOW DOES THE CLOTTING CASCADE HELP?

Back 10

Prevents spread of microrganisms, contains microorganisms and foreign bodies at the site of inflammation, provides framework for repair and healing.

Front 11

WHAT IS THE KININ SYSTEM?

Back 11

The kinin system proteins promote vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, and induce PAIN.

Front 12

H1 HISTAMINE RECEPTORS?
H2 HISTAMINE RECEPTORS?

Back 12

H1-PROMOTE INFLAMMATION
H2-INHIBIT INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

Front 13

STAGES OF PHAGOCYTOSIS?

Back 13

-RECOGNITION AND ADHERENCE
-ENGULFMENT
-LYSOSOMAL FUSION
-DESTRUCTION!!

Front 14

WHAT ARE NEUTROPHILS?

Back 14

Predominant phagocyte of early inflammation. Attracted to inflamm. site by chemotactic factors.

Front 15

MONOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES?

Back 15

Arrive later. Remain longer to clean up debris and promote healing.

Front 16

EOSINOPHILS?

Back 16

help control mast cell vascular mediators and defend against
PARASITES

Front 17

BASOPHILS?

Back 17

Granulocytes very similar to mast cells.

Front 18

NATURAL KILLER CELLS?

Back 18

Recognize and eliminate VIRUSES, cancer cells, and other abnormal cells.

Front 19

PLATELETS?

Back 19

Interact with coagulation cascade to stop bleeding, release mediators to control inflammation

Front 20

CYTOKINES?

Back 20

Soluble factors that regulate the inflammatory response and include interleukins, interferons, and tumor necrosis factor .

Front 21

LOCAL MANIFESTATIONS OF INFLAMMATION?

Back 21

Vasodilation, increased cap. permeability, redness, heat, swelling, and pain. Functions to dilute toxins and carry debris away from site.

Front 22

SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS OF INFLAMMATION?

Back 22

Fever, leukocytosis, increased levels of circulating plasma proteins. (fibrinogen, C-reactive protein)

Front 23

CHARACTERISTICS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION?

Back 23

last two weeks or longer.
dense infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages. To isolate infection and protect ag. tissue damage may form granuloma.

Front 24

DESCRIBE ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY?

Back 24

Slower, specific, has MEMORY,
mediated by B AND T LYMPHOCYTES.
B-humoral immunity, mediated by circulating antibodies.
T-cell-mediated immunity, kills targets directly.
B AND T lymphocytes bind antigen through cognate receptor complexes (BCR, TCR)

Front 25

CD4 is a surface marker on what cell?

Back 25

HELPER T CELLS

Front 26

CD8 ?

Back 26

CYTOTOXIC T CELLS

Front 27

CD21 AND CD40?

Back 27

B CELLS

Front 28

WHAT IS CLONAL SELECTION?

Back 28

Process by which antigen selects lymphocytes with complementary TCRs and BCRs and induces an immune response with the production of specific antibody or cytotoxic T cells.

Front 29

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF MHC?

Back 29

Major histocompatability complex.
Antigen presentation is the primary role of molecules of the MHC.
MHC molecules are gylcoproteins found on all cells except rbc's. divided into class 1 and class 2.

Front 30

DESCRIBE MHC CLASS1?

Back 30

PRESENTS:" ENDOGENOUS"
antigens, derived from intracellular proteins.
REACTS WITH: CD8 on Tc cells

Front 31

DESCRIBE MHC CLASS 2?

Back 31

PRESENTS: "EXOGENOUS ANTIGENS", derived from extracellular organisms.
REACTS WITH: CD4 on Th cells

Front 32

IgG?
IgE?

Back 32

IgG -Most prevalent
IgG- Most rare

Front 33

IgD?
IgM?

Back 33

First and largest

Front 34

IgA?

Back 34

found in secretions, prevent infection on epithelial surfaces

Front 35

What are superantigens?

Back 35

Molecules produced by infectious agents, that can bind to Th cells TCR outside the normal antigen binding site. Results in excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines that can cause shock.
EX: Toxic shock syndrome and food poisoning.

Front 36

What are hypersensitivity reactions?

Back 36

Allergy, autoimmunity, and alloimmunity.

Front 37

Alloimmunity vs Autoimmunity?

Back 37

ALLOIMMUNIY:Inappropriate immune response directed at beneifical foreign tissue (transfusion or transplants)
AUTOIMMUNITY: inapp. response directed at the host's own tissues.

Front 38

TYPE 1 REACTIONS?

Back 38

IgE mediated.
Causes mast cell degradation and release of histamine.
Histamine enhances the chemotaxis of eosinophils into sites of type 1 allergic reactions.

Front 39

TYPE 2 REACTIONS?

Back 39

Tissue specific reactions, caused by 5 mechanisms:
complement-mediated lysis
opsonization and phagocytosis,
neutrophil mediated tissue damage, antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity, and modulation of cellular function.

Front 40

TYPE 3 REACTIONS?

Back 40

Immune-complex mediated reaction.Immune complexes are deposited in target tissues, where they activate the complement cascade, generating chemotactic fragments that attract NEUTROPHILS, that release lysosomal enzymes.

Front 41

TYPE 4 REACTIONS?

Back 41

Cell mediated reactions.
Caused by cytotoxic T lymphocytes or lymphokine producing T1 Cells.
poison ivy

Front 42

Describe SLE?

Back 42

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Chronic, multisystem, inflamm. disease and most serious of autoimmune disorders.
Present with: arthralgias, arthritis, rash. renal disease, anemia. No cure, treat symptoms.
More common in black women.

Front 43

TYPES OF BACTERIA?

Back 43

"TRUE" Cocci, rod shaped, vibrios, spirilla. No nucleus, no mitochondria, no membrane bound organelles.
FILAMENTOUS: mycobacteria (TB)
SPROCHETES: flexible, anaerobic, (syphillis)
MYCOPLASMA: lack cell wall, small. (pneumonia)
RICKSETTIA: parasites spread by vectors (lyme disease)
CHLAMYDIA: parasites.

Front 44

GRAM NEGATIVE AND EXAMPLES?

Back 44

Do NOT retain crystal violet dye in membrane.
RESP EX: hemophilus influenzae,klebsiella, bordetella, pseudomonas,
GI: e. coli
IMPORTANT: GRAM NEG. HAVE A LIPID POLYSACCHARIDE COAT KNOWN AS ENDOTOXIN.
HAVE A THIN PEPTIDOGLYCAN LAYER.

Front 45

GRAM POSITIVE?

Back 45

DO retain the violet dye.
staph and strep most common. HAVE A THICK PEPTIDOGLYCAN LAYER.
MRSA, Strep Pyogenes, C. diff.
GRAM + are facultative anaerobic, and everywhere!

Front 46

PROCESS OF INFECTION?

Back 46

COLONIZATION, INVASION, MULTIPICATION, AND SPREAD.

Front 47

WHAT ARE THE FOUR STAGES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE?

Back 47

1-Incubation period
2-Prodromal State
3-Invasion period
4-Convalescence period

Front 48

ENDOTOXINS?

Back 48

Contained in cell wall of GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA.
The lipidpolysaccharide layer is responsible for toxic effects. Called "pyrogenic" because they prompt inflamm. response and produce fever.

Front 49

WHAT ARE EXOTOXINS?

Back 49

Proteins released during bacterial growth.
They can damage cell membranes, inhibit protein synthesis, activate second messengers. ex:N. MENINGITIDIS
Vaccines are available for many exotoxins: Tetanus, Diptheria, Pertussis.

Front 50

TRUE OR FALSE
The virus life cycle includes the following: Attachment, Penetration, Uncoating, Replication, Assembly, and Release.

Back 50

TRUE

Front 51

TRUE OR FALSE?
A retrovirus uses REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE to convert RNA into double stranded DNA.

Back 51

TRUE

Front 52

DESCRIBE MALARIA?

Back 52

Most common parasite is Plasmodium Falciparum.
A person is bit by an anopheles mosquito. The parasite enters the bloodstream, survives in the liver, and invades parenchymal cells. After several rounds of division, the liver cell ruptures and the parasites enter the blood, infecting RBC'S. Symptoms can be severe chills, fever, vomiting, sweating, pulmonary edema and severe anemia.

Front 53

TRUE OR FALSE?
The major lab finding in patients
with HIV is decreased CD8 cells?

Back 53

FALSE!!!
It's a decrease in CD4 Th cells.

Front 54

NATURAL KILLER CELLS ASSOCIATE WITH?

Back 54

MHC 1

Front 55

WHICH IMMUNOGLOBULIN IS MOST RESPONSIBLE FOR ANAPHYLAXIS?

Back 55

IgE?

Front 56

CYTOTOXIC CELLS THAT ATTACH TO VIRALLY INFECTED CELLS OR TUMORS TO MEDIATE THE DESTRUCTION OF THESE INJURIOUS CELLS IS AN EXAMPLE OF???

Back 56

CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

Front 57

Which of the following is a low molecular weight protein released by the host cell that helps prevents viruses from infecting healthy cells?

Back 57

INTERFERON

Front 58

THE ABILITY OF AN AGENT TO PRODUCE DISEASE IS TERMED?

Back 58

PATHOGENICITY

Front 59

PASSING MATERNAL ANTIBODIES TO A FETUS IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHICH TYPE OF IMMUNITY?

Back 59

PASSIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

Front 60

WHAT IS THE ACTION OF INTERLEUKIN?

Back 60

ATTRACTS WHITE BLOOD CELLS TO THE SITE OF INJURY AND BACTERIAL INVASION.

Front 61

PURPOSE OF NK CELLS?

Back 61

Recognize surface changes on body cells infected with a virus.
It then binds to, and kills the infected cell.

Front 62

WHAT CAUSES ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FATALIS?

Back 62

RH NEGATIVE MOM HAS AN RH POSITIVE FIRST CHILD AND DEVELOPS ANTIBODIES. WHEN PREGNANT WITH SECOND CHILD, THE RBC'S ARE ATTACKED BY MOM'S ANTOBODIES. GIVE RHOGAM TO PREVENT THIS

Front 63

DESCRIBE A TYPE 1 HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION?

Back 63

An immediate reaction that occurs in response to an interaction between an antigen and an IgE antibody.

Front 64

MAST CELLS AND BASOPHILS CONTAIN WHAT VASODILATORY SUBSTANCE?

Back 64

HISTAMINE

Front 65

THE MHC is a group of genes on a single chromosome that does what?

Back 65

Permits an immune response to distinguish SELF from what is FOREIGN.

Front 66

A vaccination is a form of what kind of immunity?

Back 66

Active Acquired Immunity.

Front 67

What is opsonization?

Back 67

When an antibody coats an antigen to facilitate its recognition by the immune system.

Front 68

B-CELLS are responsible for which type of immunity?

Back 68

HUMORAL IMMUNITY

Front 69

WHICH LEUKOCYTE WOULD DEFEND AGAINST A PARASITE?

Back 69

EOSINOPHIL

Front 70

WHAT IS THE ORDER OF CELLS? (HINT MONKEYS)

Back 70

NEVER
LET
MONKEYS
EAT
BANANAS

Front 71

MACROPHAGES AND NEUTROPHILS USE WHAT TO
PHAGOCYTOSE BACTERIA?

Back 71

NON HOST EPITOPES
(LPS)
(MANOS)

Front 72

STAGES OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE?

Back 72

INITIATE-acute inflamm., vessel leakage, swelling, redness/warmth, stop neutrophils
RECRUITMENT- induce adherence, chemokines, leukocytes
REMOVE DEBRIS-activate leukocytes, if linger long enough, activate lymphocytes, and make antibodies
PROMOTE REPAIR-macrophages, fibroblasts, collagen.

Front 73

WHAT DOES HISTAMINE DO?

Back 73

Causes increased vascular permeability, allows more immune cells into affected tissue.

Front 74

WHAT IS FAB?

Back 74

ANTIGEN- BINDING FRAGMENT.
SPECIFICALLY RECOGNIZES ONE TYPE OF ANTIGEN!!

Front 75

A BEE STING IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHICH IMMUNE RESPONSE?

Back 75

TYPE 1- IMMEDIATE

Front 76

HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF NEWBORN IS WHICH TYPE OF IMMUNE RESPONSE?

Back 76

TYPE 2-CYTOTOXIC

Front 77

POISON IVY WILL CAUSE WHICH IMMUNE RESPONSE?

Back 77

TYPE 4

Front 78

EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE EXTRINSIC VS
INTRINSIC PATHWAY...

Back 78

*Both are part of coagulation cascade
EXTRINSIC PATHWAY=
Activated by exposure of tissue factor (TF) during tissue damage.
INTRINSIC= Activation of Hageman Factor VII to XIIa.
THEY BOTH CONVERGE AT FACTOR X. FROM THAT POINT ON, A COMMON PATHWAY BEGINS A FORMATION OF A CLOT.

Front 79

WHAT ARE OPSONINS?

Back 79

Molecules that "TAG" microorganisms for destruction by the neutrophils and macrophages.

Front 80

DESCRIBE B-CELL ACTIVATION (HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE)

Back 80

NAIEVE (YET TO BE ACTIVATED)
BUT IMMUNOCOMPETENT, UPON POS. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN EPITOPE, B CELLS WILL ENDOCYTOSE FOREIGN PATHOGEN, WILL BECOME ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL,WITH MHC2, AND PRESENT IN ON OUTSIDE OF MEMBRANE,
WAIT FOR HELPER T, WILL CONFIRM IT, ACTIVATE IT AND TURN ON MORE B CELLS TO CREATE ANTIBODIES AND MORE MEMORY B CELLS. THE PLASMA CELLS HAVE ANTIBODIES.

Front 81

TRUE OR FALSE?

ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS ARE THE ONLY ONES THAT HAVE MHC 2 COMPLEXES AND CAN ENDOCYTOSE.

Back 81

TRUE

Front 82

HELPER T CELLS?

Back 82

AMPLIFY AND ACTIVATE HUMORAL RESPONSE
LOOKING FOR *MHC 2*
CD4 POSITIVE

Front 83

CYTOTOXIC T CELLS?

Back 83

ATTACK AND INFILTRATE CELLS COMPROMISED BY FOREIGN PATHOGEN.
*MHC 1*
CD8 POSITIVE

Front 84

TRUE OR FALSE?
ALL NUCLEATED CELLS HAVE
MHC1 TO REPRESENT "SELF"
AND BIND TO Tc (CD8)

Back 84

TRUE

Front 85

TRUE OR FALSE
IN GENERAL,
B CELLS NEED Th to ACTIVATE

Back 85

TRUE

Front 86

TRUE OR FALSE
ALL ANTIBODIES START AS IgG?

Back 86

FALSE!!!!!!!!
ALL START AS IgM!!

Front 87

HYPERSENSITIVITIES
TYPE 1
TYPE 2
TYPE 3
TYPE 4

Back 87

1-ALLERGIES (MAST CELLS)
2-AUTOIMMUNE (TISSUE SPECIFIC)
3-SOLUBLE Ag, IMMUNOGLOBULIN (DEPOSITION IN CERTAIN AREAS OF BODY)
4- T CELL MEDIATED
(TRANSPLANT)
(POISON IVY)

Front 88

SCID?

Back 88

BOTH B AND T CELLS PATHWAYS AFFECTED (USUALLY IN STEM CELLS)

Front 89

DIGEORGE'S SYNDROME?

Back 89

THYMUS MALFUNCTION, CAN'T MAKE T CELLS

Front 90

HIV?

Back 90

recognize CD4 cells, enter them by fusing with plasma membrane, inject genetic material.
hijack the host.
TREAT:
RT inhibitors
block entry
block integration

Front 91

TRUE OR FALSE?
RNA VIRUS MUST CONTAIN REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE

Back 91

TRUE

Front 92

WHICH CELLS ARE CAPABLE OF FORMING CLONES?

Back 92

T AND B CELLS

Front 93

TRUE OR FALSE
ICF IS 2/3 OF FLUID
AND ECF IS 1/3 OF FLUID

Back 93

TRUE

Front 94

FOUR WAYS EDEMA OCCURS?

Back 94

-NOT ENOUGH ONCOTIC PRESSURE TO PULL FLUID BACK INTO CAPILLARY.
-LACK OF PLASMA PROTEINS (LIVER FAILURE, KIDNEY DAMAGE)
-INCREASED TISSUE ONCOTIC PRESSURE. (INFLAMMATION)
-LYMPH OBSTRUCTION