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25 Cards in this Set
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What are the 4 historical divisions of Ethics? What was the premise of each period? |
1) Ancient: "What is the good life?" 2) Medieval: "Philosophy is the servant of religion/understanding God" 3) Modern: "Philosophy is the servant of science" 4) Contemporary: "Philosophy is the ability to be critical." |
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Regarding the Contemporary division of philosophy, what does it mean to be "critical"? What is the value of being critical? |
Critical thinking is the ability to set limits on accepting what other people tell you is good/true so you have more freedom to choose for yourself. Freedom is the value. |
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What are the 3 Analytical Divisions of Ethics? |
1) Normative Ethics 2) Applied Ethics 3) Meta-Ethics |
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What is Normative Ethics? Give an example. |
ex: "You should do this (in general)". Studies the justifications for general conventions/norms. It's not empirical (doesn't rely on measuring how many people do something) but instead relies on what is considered normal. |
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What is Applied Ethics? (Give an example) |
ex: "Oh, that happened? You should have done this." Applied Ethics looks at some specific, actual situation and determines whether or not that thing should have happened. |
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What is Meta-Ethics? (Give an example question) What is a potential downside to Meta-Ethics? |
ex: "What is... (freedom?) (goodness?) (friendship?)" It is concerned with establishing the truth. Downside: it can be misused to push a manipulative agenda. |
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What are the 3 Traditional Political Definitions of Justice? In other words, what are the 3 ways to determine justice? |
1) Mythiro/Religious= according to Divine Commands. 2) Order = according to the rules (which we make up) 3) Utility = what satisfies |
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What is the State of Nature concept in Ethics? What are the 2 basic types? |
In ethics, the State of Nature is what we are like in our original state. -ex: optimistic view on the state of nature would say "people are inherently good" -ex: pessimistic view on the state of nature would say "people are inherently bad". |
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What are Kohlberg's 3 levels of development toward moral maturity? What characterizes each level? |
1) Pre-Conventional level -not concerned with other people -bases actions off of the question "Will I be punished? 2) Conventional: subdivisions: a) Good girl/nice boy rule: "people pleaser" stage. Act how you think you're supposed to act. b) Law and Order stage: Concerned with acting in accordance to the rules/maintaining the status quo. 3) Post-Conventional a) quid-pro-quo level: you act in accordance with social contracts you've made with other people b) Universal Ethics principle: you operate on a set of principles that you think everyone should follow. |
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What is an Ethical Egoist? What is an Ethical Atruist? |
Egoist = believes that if everyone was self-interested, the world would be better. Altruist = believes that if everyone were other-focused, the world would be a better place. |
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What are the 3 motivations/origins of performing an action? (Logos/Pathos/Ethos) |
1) Logos: the rationale behind performing an action. 2) Pathos: impulsive, irrational, the emotional aspect. 3) Ethos: the force of habit that pushes you to perform an action. Influenced/established by your pattern of following logos or pathos. |
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What are the 3 main ethical stances in regard to forming value judgments? (AKA methods of value judgments)? What are the subdivisions of each (if any)? |
1) Absolutism: a) Divine Command: in terms of divine command b) Functionalism: in terms of natural function. 2) Relativism: When you make a judgment, it depends on the context. a) Traditionalism: Says that you should judge the value the action by whether or not it is in the context of its tradition at the time and place." b) Moral Conventionalism: "When in Rome" c) Subjectivism: "Good or Bad is completely dependent on how I feel" 3) Nihilism: There is no such thing as good or bad. |
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What does the idea of Incommensurability say? |
In traditionalism, basically addresses what happens when you find a situation that 2 different groups have different opinions on. You can say that their thoughts are incommensurable/immiscible and are like comparing apples to oranges. You cannot say which opinion is "better" than the other. |
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What does the Greek word "Eudaimonia" translate to? What does it mean? (Socrates) |
We interpret it as "happiness", however, it's more closely translated as being "normal or stable." So, a state of eudaimonia means no longer being at war with yourself. In other words, when your conscience is in accord with your actions. |
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What is Supervenience? (Socrates) |
The state of the upper-level properties of something overpowering the summation of the lower-level properties. -ex: 3 separate notes vs a chord. -ex: Ethos supervenes over logos and pathos. -ex: 4 cardinal virtues. |
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What are the 4 cardinal virtues in order from lowest/easiest to master to highest/hardest to master? (socrates) |
1) Temperance (moderation/mastery of pleasure) 2) Fortitude (courage/mastery of fear or pain) 3) Prudence (practical wisdom) 4) Justice (AKA eudaimonia) -Justice appears in your soul once the other 3 are mastered and supervenes over the other 3 virtues. |
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What are the 3 categories of lovers in order from highest to lowest? (Plato) |
1) Wisdom= the love/desire to seek the truth. 2) Honor = the love/desire for other people to respect you. 3) Weatlh = the love of material goods. |
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What is Anamnesis (Plato)? |
The idea that the act of learning is actually the immortal soul "remembering". |
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What does the famous "Ring of Gyges" story ask/illustrate? (Plato) |
It asks us to decide whether or not we would act in accordance with Justice if we had a ring with which we could become invisible and perpetuate evil without being noticed. It begs the question of whether or not someone with the power to be immoral and get away with it would still choose to act moral. |
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What are the 3 conditions for virtue/excellence (Aristotle)? |
1) You must be free to choose yourself. No one can force you to be virtuous. 2) Knowledge (you can't be excellent by accident) 3) Habit/Character = You're excellent if you habitually choose excellent choices. |
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What are Aristotle's 3 divisions of the human soul? |
1) Human 2) Animal 3) Plant |
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What are Aristotle's 6 character types? |
1) Superhuman virtue 2) virtuous 3) continent 4) Incontinent 5) vicious 6) superhuman vice |
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What are the 3 types of friendships in order from highest to lowest (Aristotle)? |
1) Good= 2 people are trying to be excellent so they help each other become excellent. -the only kind that can have true trust/loyalty. 2) Pleasurable =based on mutual pleasure 3) Utility |
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What are the difference between Moral and Intellectual Virtues (Aristotle)? |
Moral = found in the animal division of the soul, are taught, and can be taken to excess. Intellectual =found in the human division of the soul, cannot be taught and cannot be taken to excess. |
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What are the 4 Causes of a thing? (Aristotle) |
1) Material =what the thing is made of 2) Formal= what is its form? 3) Efficient = Who/what made/put it there? 4) Final = Why did the Efficient make it? What is its purpose? |
