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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why was Socrates barefoot in Athens?
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It reflected his noted characteristic, temperance. Temperance in a way that to both presence and absence of material pleasures.
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What term does Socrates use for "lack of self-control?"
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Incontinence; prevents us from the finest expressions of pleasure in eating, drinking, resting, and making love.
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Socratic Method or the Socratic Dialectic
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question and answer technique used by Socrates to draw truth out of his pupils, often by means of achieving a clearer, more precise definition of a key term of concept.
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What is Archetypal Individual
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Archetypal (paradigmatic) Individual are special class of teachers, philosophers, and religious figures whose nature becomes a standard by which a culture judges "the ideal" human being.
The term is coined by Karl Jaspers |
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What did Socrates insisted about "wisdom"
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Lay in knowing what he did not know
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Irony (Socrates)
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as so to assume use of sarcastic words in order to clarify thoughts and deep thinking into the communicated words
There 2 levels in communicating in irony, the literal level (the obvious level) and hidden level (real level); Socrates used this in order to keep his listeners alert and involved |
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The Socratic Ignorance / The Delphic Oracle
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"No man is wiser than Socrates." Socrates interpreted that Socrates is not wise.
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Virtue by Socrates
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Self-knowledge is the sufficient condition to the good life. He identified knowledge with virtue. If knowledge can be learned, so can virtue. Thus, virtue can be taught.
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The unexamined life.... (Socrates)
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The unexamined life is not worth living. One must seek knowledge and wisdom before private interests. Knowledge is attained as a result of an ethical action.
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Psyche (Socrates)
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greek for "soul", in modern terms, it means "the combination of soul and mind"
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Socrates was found guilty of...
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Impiety and corruption of the youth
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Socrates did not escape Athens because... (2 reasons)
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1. It would have been a contrary to his moral principles
2. Escape would have been injustice to the state which was his parent, education, and origin of law. |
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"Know thyself"
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In order to "know myself" I have to know what kind of thing I am. And without this knowledge, I cannot know what is truly good for me.,
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Techne , virtue and intellectualism (Socrates)
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Techne is knowledge of what to do and how to do it.
Virtue - excellence of function Intellectualism - term used to refer to the claim that behavior is always controlled by beliefs about what is good and the means to that good. |
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The Socratic Problem
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Socrates philosophy was nearly inseparable from the way his whole personality.....
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The Divided Line (Plato)
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- Plato used the Divided Line to illustrate the relationship of knowledge to opinion, reality to appearance, metaphysics to epistemology…
- Understanding; BEING; Level of pure level of intelligence or understanding. Here the soul directly apprehends truth at its highest level KNOWLEDGE - Reasoning; BEING; Level of Reasoning ; specifically, mathematical thinking and deductive reasoning KNOWLEDGE - Perception; BECOMING; Level of belief or common opinions about physical objects, morals, politics, practical affairs OPINION - Imagination; BECOMING; Level of illusion of imagination dominated by secondhand opinions and uncritical impressions OPINION |
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Platonic Forms
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Forms are universal types or kinds that somehow exists outside of space and time.
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The sun according to Plato was..
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compared to as the "absolute form of the Good"
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The four cardinal virtues (Plato)
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Plato identified four cardinal (essential, basic) virtues. The virtue of temperance is important for the worker classes but necessary for all classes of people. Courage is the essential virtue of the warrior class; in the individual, courage is a quality of will that provides a person with stamina and energy. Wisdom is virtue associated with the guardians and the rational part of the soul. Justice, the result of other three cardinal virtues, is excellence of function for the whole.
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Accodring to Plato, knowledge is..
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Knowledge, according to Plato, is always true and is also
justified Belief, on the other hand, can be true or false and is often a matter based on persuasion |
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Difference between Knowledge and Opinions (Plato)
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Knowledge is fixed.
Opinions are changeable. |
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Allegory of the Cave (Plato)
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In response to the Divided LIne, Plato responded with a story with a lesson, from Book VII of the Republic
Prisoners in darkness (ignorance) Shadows and reflections of reality Brought into the light If I brought back to the cave, now enlightened he would appear to the others still in the cave as a madman |
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Metaphysics and the Allegory of the Cave (Plato)
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When the person that is chained finally escapes from the cave and becomes
enlightened he realizes that he must go back and try to help the others This responsibility focuses on the correct use of wisdom from an ethical standpoint |
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Categories of need (Plato)
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Nourishing needs
Protection needs Ordering needs 3 corresponding classes Workers Warriors Guardians |
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According to Plato, Justice is
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the excellence of the function for the whole (temperance, courage, and wisdom)
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3 parts of the Soul (Plato)
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Reason, spirit and apetite
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What are the Four Causes( in order) (Aristotle)
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The Material cause
The Formal Cause The Efficient Cause The Final Cause |
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The Material Cause (Aristotle)
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the substance of which the thing is made
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The Formal Cause (Aristotle)
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the design or form that it takes
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The Efficient cause (Aristotle)
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the maker or the builder
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The Final Cause (Aristotle)
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its purpose or function
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Platonic dualism
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the division of universe into two worlds of realms, the becoming and the being (the Divided Line)
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form / ousia (Aristotle)
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that which is in matter and makes a thing what it is; cannot exist independently of matter
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matter / hyle (Aristotle)
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the common material stuff found in variety of things; it has no distinct characteristics until some form is imparted to it or until the form inherent in a thing becomes actualized
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Political Philosophy (Aristotle)
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Aristotle claimed that a government can only be rightly ruled by 3 types of government
Monarchy, Aristocracy and Polity These are the perverted form,s of the governmen Tyranny (one) Oligarchy (few) Democracy (many) Aristotle favored Aristocracy |
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(Golden) Mean (Aristotle)
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The mean is the midpoint between two other points. Aristotle characterized virtue as a mean between too little and too much (deficiency and excess)
VICE/ DEFIENCY --- VIRTUE /MEAN ---- VICE/ EXCESS Cowardice --- Courage --- Foolhardiness Anorexia --- Moderation --- Gluttony Stinginess --- Generosity --- Profligacy Standoffishness --- Friendliness --- Obsequiousness Shyness --- Pride --- Vanity Pessimism --- Realism --- Optimism Celibacy --- Monogamy --- Promiscuity Dullness --- Well-roundedness --- Wildness |
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sophrosyne / the concept of moderation( Aristotle)
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The wisdom of moderation; hitting the mark; the quality of finding the mean between excess and deficiency
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charakter / character (Aristotle)
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The sum of total of person's traits, including behavior, habits, likes and dislikes, capacities, potentials, and so on. Or in other words, it referred to the overall nature or tone of a person's habits
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Teleological thinking (Aristotle)
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a way of explaining or understanding, a thing in terms of its ultimate goal, or final cause
Teleological thiking also refers to understanding things functionally in terms of the relationship of the parts to a whole. For example, a vehicle's speed, traction, comfort etc. |
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Three types of Soul (Aristotle)
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The Nutritive , absorbs matter from other things
The Sentient or Sensitive Soul - regarding the form of things but do absorb them (e. g. looking or touching) The entelechy or the rational soul - includes the nutritive and the sentient soul; understanding various forms and making reasoned decisions |
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Change (formed matter) (Aristotle)
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the basic process of change - substituttion of forms in stages - is the same from the simplestto the most complex things. From potential, to actualization, to development then to end (purpose)
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Naturalism ( Aristotle)
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the belief that reality consists of the natural world.
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Entelechy (Aristotle)
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"having its end within itself" according to Aristotle, an inner urge that drives all things to blossom on their own unique selves; inner order or design that governs all natural processes
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The Good (Aristotle)
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Aristotle believed that the good is "that which all things aim "
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Eudaimonia (Aristotle)
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it does not have a one word equivalent. It is rather a state of existing; fully aware, vital, alert.
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Cogito ergo sum (Descartes)
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"I think, there I am"
It begins with the assumption that nothing exist in his notion of the Methodic Doubt. However, through the realization that he is aware of his thoughts, he comes to terms that must exist and works from that point forward onto the God and the body Descartes interprets this to mean that while bodily existence may seem more solid and certain than ideas, mental existence is in actuality more certain. |
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The Evil Genius (Descartes)
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Descartes introduces one of the most intriguing figures in the history of philosophy, the Evil Genius. That another being, aside from God, is controlling our beliefs of what the real world make look like and such other deceptions.
"Some evil genius not less than power than deceitful has employed his whole energies in deceiving me; I shall consider that the heavens, the earth, colours, figures, sound and all other external things are nought but the illusions and dreams of which this genius has availed himself in order to lay traps..." He cannot make the idea of God. |
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The Cartesian Genesis ( Descartes)
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Descartes wanted to find an absolutely certain, indubitable starting point for his philosophy Here he introduced the methodic doubt. He began asking if it is rationally possible to doubt everything.
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The Innate Idea of God (Descartes)
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Descartes questions that if God not an evil deceiver, he will have created a rea
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Materialism (Descartes)
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also known as behaviorism, mechanism, reductionism
This is the belief that everything is composed of matter and can be explained by physical laws. The body is a fleshy machine. |
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Priori Knowledge (Descartes)
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reason without reference to sense experience
e.g All triangles contain 180 degrees; Every event has a cause |
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Posteriori Knowledge (Descartes)
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empirical knowledge derived from sense experience and not regarded as universal because the conditions under which it is acquired changes.
e.g My shirt is White |
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Cartesian Dualism ( Descartes)
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Dualism any philosophical position that divides existence into two completely distinct, independent, unique substances
Monism is the general name for the belief that everything consists of only one, ultimate, unique substance such as matter or spirit Pluralism - the belief that more than one reality or substance exists. |
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The ontlogical argument (Descartes)
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an attempt to prove the existence of God by referring either to the meaning of the word God, when it is understood a certain way or by referring to the purpotedly unique quality of the concept God.
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