<Essofocean8Ed> Chapter 11: The Coastal Ocean

Front 1

what percentage of fish is caught within 320 km (200 mi) of the shore

Back 1

95%

Front 2

where was the first UN Conference on the Law of the Sea held

Back 2

Geneva, Switzerland

Front 3

how far does a country's territorial sea extend

Back 3

12 miles

Front 4

how far does a country's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extend

Back 4

200 nautical miles

Front 5

what has made the UN Law of the Sea treaty so controversial

Back 5

mineral mining rights

Front 6

what percentage of the oceans are controlled by nations

Back 6

42%

Front 7

which is more likely to occur in a shallow estuary: halocline or isohaline column

Back 7

isohaline column

Front 8

line of constant depth

Back 8

isobath

Front 9

line of constant salinity

Back 9

isohaline

Front 10

line of constant temperature

Back 10

isotherm

Front 11

study of freshwater bodies

Back 11

limnology

Front 12

surface of constant density

Back 12

isopycnal

Front 13

what is the approximate freezing temperature (melting point) of seawater

Back 13

-2 degrees Celsius

Front 14

do high and low latitude coastal waters tend to have thermoclines or are they isothermal

Back 14

isothermal near coasts

Front 15

what causes coastal geostrophic currents

Back 15

runoff, wind

Front 16

what is the general direction of coastal geostrophic currents

Back 16

parallel to coast, opposite of main current

Front 17

example of a coastal geostrophic current

Back 17

Davidson Current, Washington and Oregon coasts

Front 18

partially enclosed body of ocean water diluted by freshwater runoff

Back 18

estuary

Front 19

type of estuary marked by a drowned river valley

Back 19

coastal plain estuary

Front 20

steep-sided estuary formed by glacier carving out a valley

Back 20

fjord

Front 21

shallow estuary in a lagoon separated from ocean by barrier islands

Back 21

bar-built estuary

Front 22

classify the type of estuaries formed here: Chesapeake Bay

Back 22

coastal plain estuary

Front 23

classify the type of estuaries formed here: Alaska, Canada, New Zealand, Chile, Norway

Back 23

fjords

Front 24

classify the type of estuary: Pamlico Sound

Back 24

bar-built estuary

Front 25

classify the type of estuaries formed here: US Gulf and east coasts

Back 25

bar-built estuaries

Front 26

estuary formed by faulting or folding of rocks

Back 26

tectonic estuary

Front 27

classify the type of estuary: San Francisco Bay

Back 27

tectonic estuary

Front 28

shallow estuary with uniform salinity from top to bottom

Back 28

vertically mixed estuary

Front 29

moderately deep estuary with two layers of differing salinity

Back 29

slightly stratified estuary

Front 30

deep estuary with a strong halocline and deep layer of ocean water

Back 30

highly stratified estuary

Front 31

deep estuary formed by intrusion of saltwater beneath the freshwater typical for high-volume rivers

Back 31

salt wedge estuary

Front 32

process of freshwater getting more salty as it mixes with ocean water

Back 32

entrainment

Front 33

net flow in stratified estuaries of low-salinity surface water toward ocean and high-salinity subsurface water toward shore

Back 33

estuarine circulation pattern

Front 34

waters with no oxygen due to decomposition of organic matter on the bottom

Back 34

anoxic waters

Front 35

waters with little oxygen due to decomposition of organic matter on the bottom

Back 35

hypoxic waters

Front 36

ecosystem with the water table close to the surface, resulting in saturated ground most of the time

Back 36

wetland

Front 37

2 common types of wetland

Back 37

salt marsh, mangrove swamp

Front 38

plants that thrive in salty environments

Back 38

halophytic plants (halophytes)

Front 39

below what latitudes are these restricted to: salt marsh, mangrove swamps

Back 39

65 degrees, 30 degrees

Front 40

what ecosystem is efficient at cleansing polluted water

Back 40

wetland

Front 41

remains of marsh plants that get buried and can be burned later

Back 41

peat deposits

Front 42

rate of wetland loss in the US

Back 42

8,100 hectares (20,000 acres) per year

Front 43

protected, shallow body of ocean water

Back 43

lagoon

Front 44

water with salinity between that of ocean water and freshwater

Back 44

brackish water

Front 45

water in a lagoon that is excessively salty due to high evaporation

Back 45

hypersaline water

Front 46

long, narrow, shallow, hypersaline lagoon off the coast of Texas that has the opposite of normal estuarine circulation

Back 46

Laguna Madre

Front 47

large semi-isolated bodies of water at the edges of the oceans

Back 47

marginal seas

Front 48

remnant marginal sea of the ancient Tethys Sea

Back 48

Mediterranean Sea

Front 49

channel connecting Mediterranean to: Atlantic Ocean, Black Sea

Back 49

Strait of Gibraltar; Bosporus

Front 50

2 divisions of Mediterranean Sea based on circulation patterns

Back 50

Aegean Sea, Adriatic Sea

Front 51

underwater depositional ridge that separates parts of the Mediterranean

Back 51

sill

Front 52

flow of high-salinity subsurface water out of and lower-salinity water into the Mediterranean

Back 52

Mediterranean circulation

Front 53

introduction of man-made substances or energy that harm the environment

Back 53

pollution

Front 54

determination of concentration of pollutants that harm marine life

Back 54

bioassay

Front 55

tanker that ran aground and lost lots of petroleum in Prince William Sound, Alaska

Back 55

Exxon Valdez

Front 56

event when oil was intentionally spilled in 1991 and was the greatest release of oil ever

Back 56

Persian Gulf War

Front 57

oil drilling station in the Gulf of Mexico that had the largest blowout of oil in the world

Back 57

Ixtoc #1

Front 58

what percentage of oil in the oceans comes from natural oil seeps

Back 58

47%

Front 59

what percentage of oil in the oceans is caused by petroleum consumption rather than transport or extraction

Back 59

72%

Front 60

method of using microorganisms to help clean up pollution

Back 60

bioremediation

Front 61

2 examples of persistent organic pollutants that cause long-lasting harm

Back 61

DDT, PCBs

Front 62

build-up and concentration of a pollutant in an organism's tissues

Back 62

bioaccumulation

Front 63

increase in concentration of a pollutant in organisms for higher levels in the food chain

Back 63

biomagnification

Front 64

where was the chemical manufacturing plant that discharged lots of mercury in the 1940s and 50s

Back 64

Minamata Bay, Japan

Front 65

pollution that doesn't come from pipes and can't be easily located

Back 65

non-point-source pollution

Front 66

break down of plastics into small pieces by sunlight

Back 66

photodegradation

Front 67

floating waste or debris in the ocean

Back 67

flotsam or jetsam (intentional)

Front 68

small plastic pellets found in the ocean

Back 68

nurdles