<Essofocean8Ed> Chapter 1: Introduction To Planet Earth

Front 1

percentage of water contained in oceans

Back 1

97.20%

Front 2

percent of Earth's surface covered by water

Back 2

70.80%

Front 3

name by descending order of area the four main oceans

Back 3

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic

Front 4

who named the Pacific Ocean and why

Back 4

Magellan; it was calm (paci=peace)

Front 5

who was the Atlantic Ocean named after

Back 5

Atlas, a Titan from Greek mythology

Front 6

what is another name for the Antarctic Ocean

Back 6

Southern Ocean

Front 7

average depth of all oceans

Back 7

3729 m

Front 8

deepest trench, and deepest spot in trench

Back 8

Mariana Trench; Challenger Deep (11km)

Front 9

highest mountain measured from base

Back 9

Mauna Kea, Hawaii

Front 10

highest active volcano measured from base

Back 10

Mauna Loa, Hawaii

Front 11

name by descending order of depth the four main oceans

Back 11

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic

Front 12

Challenger Deep was explored by what submersible; designed by who?

Back 12

Trieste; Auguste Piccard, Swiss

Front 13

what type of sub was Trieste

Back 13

bathyscaphe

Front 14

a steel ball with windows and can hold a person

Back 14

bathysphere

Front 15

who pioneered the use of a submersible, specifically a bathysphere

Back 15

Barton and Beebe

Front 16

maps of Pacific islands used by ancient Polynesians

Back 16

stick charts

Front 17

Polynesians starting settling islands nearest to what continent

Back 17

Asia

Front 18

name the order of island groups settled by Pacific people

Back 18

Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia

Front 19

what group of people circumnavigated Africa in 590 BC

Back 19

Phoenicians

Front 20

who determined how to find latitude using stars

Back 20

Pytheas, a Greek

Front 21

who measured the circumference of the Earth very accurately in ancient times

Back 21

Eratosthenes, a Greek

Front 22

where did the Vikings have colonies

Back 22

Greenland and Iceland

Front 23

synonymous with line of latitude

Back 23

parallel

Front 24

synonymous with line of longitude

Back 24

meridian

Front 25

30-year period from 1492-1522

Back 25

Age of Discovery

Front 26

sailed from Spain to North America, thinking he had reached Asia

Back 26

Christopher Columbus

Front 27

which European first saw the Pacific Ocean

Back 27

Balboa

Front 28

what ship made the first circumnavigation of the world; who led the trip

Back 28

Victoria; Magellan, then del Cano

Front 29

Magellan was killed here

Back 29

Philippines

Front 30

who mapped out significant portions of the Pacific and islands

Back 30

James Cook

Front 31

Cook's 3 ships

Back 31

Adventure, Endeavour, Resolution

Front 32

James Cook avoided scurvy by feeding his crew what food

Back 32

sauerkraut, high in vitamin C

Front 33

Cook was killed here

Back 33

Hawaii

Front 34

NOAA stands for

Back 34

National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration

Front 35

who created a chronometer that allowed for accurate determination of longitude

Back 35

John Harrison

Front 36

3 points of the Bermuda Triangle

Back 36

Bermuda, Miami, San Juan

Front 37

name the compositional layers of Earth from inside to outside

Back 37

core, mantle, crust

Front 38

name the mechanical layers of Earth from inside to outside

Back 38

inner core, outer core, mesosphere, asthenosphere, lithosphere

Front 39

average thickness of lithosphere

Back 39

100 km

Front 40

average thickness of oceanic crust

Back 40

8 km

Front 41

average thickness of continental crust

Back 41

35 km

Front 42

composition of core

Back 42

iron, nickel

Front 43

composition of mantle

Back 43

iron and magnesium silicates

Front 44

composition of crust

Back 44

silicates (silicon, oxygen)

Front 45

transition from mantle to crust

Back 45

Mohorovicic discontinuity, or the "Moho"

Front 46

rock composition of oceanic crust; density

Back 46

basalt; 3 g/mL

Front 47

rock composition of continental crust; density

Back 47

granite; 2.7 g/mL

Front 48

the resistance of a fluid to flow

Back 48

viscosity

Front 49

principle of buoyancy of lithospheric plates on asthenosphere

Back 49

isostasy or isostatic adjustment

Front 50

where did the oceans originate

Back 50

outgassing from inner Earth

Front 51

why are comets not a likely source of oceans' water

Back 51

wrong type of hydrogen

Front 52

where did ocean salts come from

Back 52

outgassing, then dissolved in water

Front 53

who did an experiment that showed organic molecules could be made from inorganic molecules

Back 53

Stanley Miller

Front 54

2 main ingredients needed in Miller's experiment beside the inorganic molecules

Back 54

UV light, electrical spark

Front 55

two main gases in Earth's early atmosphere

Back 55

hydrogen, helium

Front 56

gases in today's atmosphere and their percentages excluding water

Back 56

nitrogen 78%, oxygen 21%, argon 0.93%

Front 57

how long ago did primitive bacteria form

Back 57

3.5 billion years ago

Front 58

age of Earth

Back 58

4.6 billion years

Front 59

who proposed natural selection and coral reef development

Back 59

Charles Darwin

Front 60

heterotrophs that don't need oxygen

Back 60

anaerobes

Front 61

Darwin's ship

Back 61

HMS Beagle

Front 62

animals that Darwin studied most on Galapagos Islands

Back 62

finches

Front 63

autotrophic process using light as the energy source

Back 63

photosynthesis

Front 64

autotrophic process using inorganic molecules (hydrogen sulfide) at hydrothermal vents as the energy source

Back 64

chemosynthesis

Front 65

products of respiration

Back 65

carbon dioxide and water

Front 66

products of photosynthesis

Back 66

glucose and oxygen

Front 67

way to determine ages of sediments using half-lives of isotopes

Back 67

radiometric dating

Front 68

circumference of the Earth

Back 68

40,000 km