Ergonomics Test 1

Front 1

What is Industrial Engineering concerned with?

Back 1

Industrial Engineering is concerned with the
design, improvement, and installation of integrated
systems of people, materials, information,
equipment and energy.

Front 2

What is the definition of human factors?

Back 2

The study of factors and development of tools that
facilitate the achievement of these goals

Front 3

What is the definition of ergonomics?

Back 3

Literal defined as “work laws”. Ergonomics can be
defined as laws of work to assure human comfort and
well-being. From an industrial standpoint, ergonomics is
referred to as fitting the job to the person.

Front 4

Five things to design for:

Back 4

1. Equipment
2. Task
3.Environment
4. Selection
5. Training

Front 5

What is the goal and key conceptions of Human Factors?

Back 5

1. Enhance Performance
2. Increase Safety
3. Increase user satisfaction
KEY: Generalization and Prediction through observation

Front 6

Integumentary functions:

Back 6

1. regulate body temperature
2. eliminate waste
3. synthesize (Vit D)

Front 7

Skeletal functions:

Back 7

supports and protects the body

Front 8

Muscular functions:

Back 8

Participates movement, maintains posture, generates heat

Front 9

Cardiovascular functions:

Back 9

"transport system"
maintains acid-base balance
protects against disease
protects external integrity of the body
regulates body temperature

Front 10

Lymphatic functions:

Back 10

supports cardiovascular system with proteins and plasma
filters blood
produces white blood cells

Front 11

Nervous functions:

Back 11

regulates body activities through stimulus /nerve impulse

Front 12

Endocrine functions:

Back 12

uses cardiovascular system to distribute and maintain a hormonal balance throughout the body

Front 13

Respiratory functions:

Back 13

supplies O2 and disposes CO2 from blood stream
Helps maintain acid-base balance

Front 14

Digestive functions:

Back 14

performs physical and chemical breakdown of food
eliminates solid waste

Front 15

Urinary functions:

Back 15

regulates chemical composition of blood
regulates electrolyte balance and blood volume by eliminating waste
maintain acid-base balance

Front 16

Reproductive:

Back 16

reproduce organisms

Front 17

Homeostasis

Back 17

tendency toward uniformity or stability in the normal body states of the organism

Front 18

Uses of muscles:

Back 18

1. Blood circulation
2. breathing
3. motion and locomotion
4. control of blood pressure
5. movement of food in GI tract and urinary flow

Front 19

Muscle characteristics

Back 19

1. excitability
2. contractility
3. extensibility
4. elasticity

Front 20

Types of muscles:

Back 20

1. Skeletal - voluntarily controlled
2. Cardiac - hybrid
3. Smooth - involuntary

Front 21

Skeletal muscle characteristics:

Back 21

1. attached to bone via tendons
2. cross-striated, multinucleated, individual fibers
3. voluntary nervous control
4. exists in bundles

Front 22

Cardiac muscle characteristics:

Back 22

1. located in the heart only
2. striated branched fibers with intercalated discs
3. control

Front 23

Smooth muscle characteristics:

Back 23

1. located in walls of hollow viscera and blood vessels
2. non-striated, uninucleated, spindle-shaped fibers
3. involuntary nervous control

Front 24

EPIMYSIUM

Back 24

Connective tissue surrounding a muscle group

Front 25

PERIMYSIUM

Back 25

Connective tissue around each bundle of muscle fibers

Front 26

MYOFIBRILS

Back 26

Primary element of contraction composed of actin and myosin protein

Front 27

SARCOMERE

Back 27

A contractile unit in a striated muscle fiber (cell) extending from Z-line to Z-line

Front 28

Z-LINE

Back 28

Physical structure in the cell to which the actin filaments are attached

Front 29

SARCOLEMMA

Back 29

The thin, elastic, non-cellular membrane enveloping the individual muscle fibers

Front 30

MYOSIN

Back 30

The contractile protein that makes up the thick myofilaments of muscle fibers (cells)

Front 31

ACTIN

Back 31

The contractile protein that makes up thin myofilaments in muscle fiber (cells)

Front 32

Muscle cramps:

Back 32

1. build up of lactic acid (chemical imbalance) after exercise
2. misfiring of nerves during sleep

Front 33

Nervous system:

Back 33

Brain and Spinal Cord:
Afferent - info from receptors to CNS
Efferent - info from CNS to muscles and glands
EFFERENT - Somatic (voluntary) and Autonomic (involuntary)
AUTONOMIC - Sympathetic (fight or flight) and Parasympathetic (rest and digest)

Front 34

Neurons

Back 34

structural and functional unit of
nervous system

Front 35

Structure of neurons

Back 35

Cell body & Nucleus

Dendrites (receivers)

Axons (conducting fiber transmitters)

Front 36

Function of neurons

Back 36

Picking up stimuli

Converting stimuli to nerve impulses

Conducting nerve impulses to other neurons, muscle fibers, or glands

Front 37

MVC

Back 37

Maximum voluntary contract

Front 38

ELECTROMYOGRAPHY (EMG)

Back 38

A quantitative technique for recording
electrical activity of muscles

Front 39

ACTIN

Back 39

The contractile protein that makes up thin myofilaments in muscle fiber (cells)

Front 40

Muscle cramps:

Back 40

1. build up of lactic acid (chemical imbalance) after exercise
2. misfiring of nerves during sleep

Front 41

Nervous system:

Back 41

Brain and Spinal Cord:
Afferent - info from receptors to CNS
Efferent - info from CNS to muscles and glands
EFFERENT - Somatic (voluntary) and Autonomic (involuntary)
AUTONOMIC - Sympathetic (fight or flight) and Parasympathetic (rest and digest)

Front 42

Neurons

Back 42

structural and functional unit of
nervous system

Front 43

Structure of neurons

Back 43

Cell body & Nucleus

Dendrites (receivers)

Axons (conducting fiber transmitters)

Front 44

Function of neurons

Back 44

Picking up stimuli

Converting stimuli to nerve impulses

Conducting nerve impulses to other neurons, muscle fibers, or glands

Front 45

MVC

Back 45

Maximum voluntary contract

Front 46

ELECTROMYOGRAPHY (EMG)

Back 46

A quantitative technique for recording
electrical activity of muscles

Front 47

Energy definition

Back 47

capacity to perform work

Front 48

Work definition

Back 48

application of force through distance

Front 49

Basic forms of Energy

Back 49

1. chemical - supply fuel to mechanical systems
2. mechanical - all muscles moving
3. heat
4. light (radiant)
5. electrical
6. nuclear

Front 50

Energy Conversion Facts (5)

Back 50

1. E liberated during breakdown of food is not directly used to do work
2. Food is used to manufacture ATP
3. ATP is stored in muscle cells after formation
4. E is released by breakdown of ATP
5. ATP contains 3 phosphate radicals - yields 12,000 cal of E during physical and 7,300 for nominal

Front 51

Food substrates

Back 51

1. Proteins
2. Carbohydrates - glycogen & glucose
3. Neutral Fats - omega 3, olive oil

Front 52

Cardiovascular system composition:

Back 52

Blood, heart, blood vessels

Front 53

Blood composition (8% of body weight)

Back 53

Over 1/2 water
plasma - 55% --> 7% protein, 92% water
45% formed elements --> enthrycytes, leucocytes, thrombocytes

Front 54

Blood plasma

Back 54

straw - colored liquid, "carrier" for the formed elements, electrolyte solution, controls pH of blood

Front 55

Blood functions (8):

Back 55

1. distributes nutrition
2. aids respiration
3. maintain fluid balance
4. propagates waste excretion
5. protection and body defense
6. temperature regulation
7. hormone distribution
8. sustains acid-base balance

Front 56

Blood flow through heart:

Back 56

deoxygenated blood enters through superior vena cava --> right atrium --> tricuspid --> right ventricle -->seminlunar valve --> lungs
oxygenated blood enters through pulmonary vein --> left atrium --> bicuspid --> left ventricle -->aorta

Front 57

Heart disease:

Back 57

#1 killer of people
1. coronary artery disease
2. congenital defects
3. arrhythmias
4. congestive heart failure

Front 58

Heart risk factors:

Back 58

1. high blood cholesterol
2. high blood pressure
3. cigarette smoking
4. obesity
5. lack of regular exercise
6. diabetes
7. genetic disposition

Front 59

Hydrostatic pressure vs. osmotic pressure

Back 59

Hydrostatic - pushes O2 out
Osmotic - pushes CO2 in

Front 60

Blood flow by organ (base conditions):

Back 60

Most - liver, kidneys, muscles, and brain
Heart = only 4%

Front 61

Blood flow by organ (based on activity level):

Back 61

muscles - 70-75%
brain - 4%
bones - 3-5% at night (why we do most of our growing at night)

Front 62

Blood pressure equation and controlling factors:

Back 62

= Blood flow (Q) * Resistance (P)
- pumping action of heart
- blood volume
- arterial walls elasticity
- blood viscosity
- peripheral resistance

Front 63

Factors affecting Stroke Volume:

Back 63

- venous return to heart
- distensibility of ventricles
- force of contraction of ventricles in relation to pressure in artery
- sympathetic and hormonal stimulation

Front 64

Factors affecting Heart Rate (220- your age):

Back 64

- sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation of sino-artial
- hormonal stimulation
- temperature
- age

Front 65

Cardiac Output =

Back 65

Q = HR * SV

Front 66

Respiratory system (main components)

Back 66

1. conductive airways
2. respiratory airways
3. alveoli

Front 67

Ideal characteristics of respiration system:

Back 67

1. provide large contact area between air and blood
2. saturate and heat inspired air
3. controlled rapid gas to blood exchange
4. match O2 uptake with CO2 production

Front 68

Function of respiratory system:

Back 68

1. adjusts air temperature
2. moistens air
3. conserves body heat
4. entrapment
5. destruction (phagocytosis)
6. waste removal

Front 69

Impairment of the Alveoli:

Back 69

1. physical breakdown of alveoli walls
2. thickening of alveoli walls
3. denser cell wall
4. physical obstruction

Front 70

Breathing control at rest:

Back 70

Chemoreceptors:
1. peripheral - located near the aortic bodies and take signals from blood
2. central - part of the central nervous system located near the mendual (brain) and act on the pH of the spinal fluid

Front 71

Breathing control at activity activated levels:

Back 71

neural theory - neural influences are initial regulations
humoral theory - humoral influences are primary regulators at higher activity levels

Front 72

Diaphragm

Back 72

Inhalation - contracts (moves down)
Exhalation - relaxes (moves up)

Front 73

Breathing capacity:

Back 73

1000 cc - Residual
2500cc - Supplemental
3000cc - Tidal
3500cc - Complemental

Front 74

Factors determining diffusion:

Back 74

1. concentration gradient
2. absorption area
3. solubility of molecules
4. size of molecules

Front 75

Hypoxia

Back 75

oxygen deprived

Front 76

Defines lower body vs upper body

Back 76

greater trochanter

Front 77

Vital Minerals

Back 77

1. magnesium (helps with calcium absorption)
2. potassium (absorbs and balances salt)
3. zinc

Front 78

Osteoporosis

Back 78

"bone hole disease" caused by lack of ability to absorb calcium

Front 79

5 types of bones:

Back 79

1. long - arms and legs
2. flat - sternum, ribs, scapula
3. short - carpals and tarsals
4. irregular - spine, pubis
5. sesamoid - tendons of thumbs

Front 80

Type of joints (6):

Back 80

1. gliding - wrist
2. bi-axial and socket - wrist
3. multi-axial ball and socket - hip
4. hinge - elbow
5. saddle - thumb
6. pivot - vertebra

Front 81

Flexion

Back 81

decreasing angle of joint

Front 82

extension

Back 82

increases angle of joint

Front 83

Isometric

Back 83

static movement - tension placed on muscle w/o lengthening or shortening
nun with Bible punishment

Front 84

isotonic

Back 84

dynamic motion

Front 85

concentric

Back 85

tension is created when muscle develops enough force to overcome resistance

Front 86

eccentric

Back 86

tension is created as resistance overcomes muscle and lengthens

Front 87

primary function of spine:

Back 87

to protect spinal cord and nerves
higher = more important

Front 88

atlas

Back 88

C1; supports head; serves as joint between skull and spine

Front 89

axis

Back 89

C2; enables head and neck movement

Front 90

spine vertebra

Back 90

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar (weakest region of body)
5 sacrum
4 coccyx

Front 91

disc

Back 91

1. jelly donut
2. shock absorber
3. cushion vertebra
4. no veins or arteries
5. skin absorbs vit and min needed

Front 92

Gold standard for amount of pressure you can withstand

Back 92

3400 N of stress. going sideways - 1400-1700 (idea of pinching)

Front 93

neck

Back 93

20 muscles/cross fxns

Front 94

back muscles

Back 94

7 erector spinae: 3 groupings:
iliocostaslis, longissimus, spinalis

Front 95

agonist muscle

Back 95

muscle moving in primary direction; shortening

Front 96

antagonist muscle

Back 96

muscle lengthening

Front 97

rectus abdominis

Back 97

paired with erector spinae

Front 98

ligament

Back 98

connects bone to bone

Front 99

tendon

Back 99

connects end of muscle to bone

Front 100

two weakest joints

Back 100

knees and shoulders

Front 101

Shoulder muscles

Back 101

Deltoid, trapezius, latissimus dorsi

Front 102

2 primary nerves running to hand

Back 102

ulna nerve (funny bone nerve) and medial nerve

Front 103

opposition

Back 103

movement of thumb across the palmar aspect to oppose any or all of the phalanges (no other joint can do this movement)

Front 104

6 basic hip movements

Back 104

1. flexion
2. extension
3. adduction
4. abduction
5. internal rotation
6. external rotation

Front 105

best pulse checking place

Back 105

greater saphenous vein (near groin)

Front 106

how many muscles associated with hip adductor

Back 106

5

Front 107

Sartorius

Back 107

hip muscle that skips an entire bone

Front 108

most common injury in America

Back 108

piriformis syndrome

Front 109

politeus

Back 109

stability for knees, keeps knees bonded together