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250 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Structural Theory, Freud, divides the psyche into three parts. They are:
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id, ego and super ego
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What is the id?
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governed by pleasure principal, it is the source of sexual and aggressive drives
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What is the ego?
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governed by the reality principal, functions to defer id gratification in accordance with environmental demands
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What is super ego?
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serves as conscience. comes from internalization of societal and parental restrictions
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When ego can't give in to the id's needs do to pressures from the super ego, that creates _______ and the ego deploys ______ to deal with it
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conflict, defense mechanisms
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Freudian defense mechanisms
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repression, denial, reaction formation, rationalization, projection, displacement, fixation, sublimation, projective identification, splitting, intellectualization, undoing
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Primary and secondary processes
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Primary is unconscious and secondary is conscious
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Primary processes include:
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dreams, slip of the tongue, and jokes
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Secondary processes include
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logical and sequential and function accoring to the reality (ego) principal
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Freud goal of therapy
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gain access to patient's unconscious, engender insight, and strengthen the Ego so behavior is based more on reality
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Parallel process
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the phenomenon whereby a counselor will respond to his or her supervisor in a way that parallels the manner in which the client responds to the counselor.
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Reaction formation
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Reaction Formation is where a person avoids one position by taking a polar opposite
position. |
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Sublimation
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Sublimation is the refocusing of psychic energy (which Sigmund Freud believed was limited) away from negative outlets to more positive outlets. For example, a student who has a major upcoming test, rather than spending time and energy worrying about it, would rechannel that time and energy into studying. In Freud's classic theory, erotic energy is only allowed limited expression due to repression, and much of the remainder of a given group's erotic energy is used to develop its culture and civilization.
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Projective Identification
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an unconscious defense mechanism in which unacceptable aspects of the self are falsely attributed to others; it differs from projection in that the target is transformed, unconsciously identifying and responding, and the aspects that are projected are not completely disavowed but rather are perceived as justifiable reactions to the other person's induced responses.
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Six steps in psychoanalysis
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confrontation, clarification, interpretation, catharisi, and insight
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Jung called his system ______psychology
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analytic
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Jung believe unconscious existed on two levels.
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Individual and collective
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Collective unconscious arrises from universally inherited neural patterns including
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archetypes
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Jung developed terms: _______for interest in external things and ________for turning inward toward the libido
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Extraversion and introversion
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Mid-life crisis is the time when we trun fro ______to blank
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Extraversion to introversion
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Adler's psychology was called
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Individual Psychology
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Adler: striving to overcome inferiority, child develops
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defense mechanisms
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Tow Adlerian based programs in use today
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STEP and STET
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Karen Horney. Neofreudian, what was basic tenant
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parental behqaviors such as indifference, overprotection and rejection cause basic anxiety in a child including hopelessness and isolation. Child adapts by movement agaginst others, or movement away from others
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Harry Stack Sullivan
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prototaxix mode, Parataxic distortions when someone deals with others as if they were significant persons from his early life
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Erich Fromm
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emphasized that role of societal factors in personality development receptive, exploitive, hoarding, marketing and productive.
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Ego-Analysts
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includes Anna Freud, David Rappaport and Heinz Hartmann, place greater emphasis on ego's role in personality development. Ego-defensive functions and ego-autonomous functions
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Object Relations Theory: List participants
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Melanie Klein, Ronald Fairbairn, Margarte Mahler, Otto Kernberg, Heinz Kohut, Donald Winnicott
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Object relations Theory. What is Object introject?
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Mental representation of a person, either a self or another (at first the mother)
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Problems with object-introject
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If deveelopment delayed by disturbed parent, the representations of self or other remain at infantile level. People get seen as good or quickly bad. And when bad, all bad
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Heinz Kohut key figure in what school?
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Object relations
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Heinz Kohut is best know for work on:
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Narcissism. When childs needs are not satisfied, he develops a protective grandiose self. Grandiose self is modified during maturation unless parent responds in unempathis ways.
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Therapy based upon Object relations does what?
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Provides a type of reparenting that facilitates reintegration of the ego. Therapist takes an actiove role and provides support and acceptance.
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Client Centered Therapy: Key guy
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Carl Rogers
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Client Centered Therapy: Goal
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Realize the capacity for self-actualization
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Client Centered Therapy: decrease what
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incongruence between real and ideal self
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Client Centered Therapy: Three process steps:
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Empathetic Understanding, Unconditional positive regard, congruence (therapist is honest in words and actions)
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Existential Therapy: two types of anxiety
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Normal and neurotic
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Existential Therapists are:
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honest, open and egalitarian.
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Existentail Therapist goal in relationship with client
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authentic and intimate
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Existential: grief reactions and sadness about life milkestones relate to what?
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fears of isolation and death.
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Gestalt Therapy created by who?
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Fritz Perls
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Gestalt Therapy: concept of figure-ground means?
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figure is what person is paying attention to and ground represents what a person is not noticing
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Gestalt therapy focus on what awareness
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here and now
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Gestalt therapy personality consists of self and self-image which are?
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self promotes actualization and growth, self-image imposes external standards and impairs growth
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Gestalt Introjection:
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absorbing info without understanding it
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Gestalt projection
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attributing our unacceptable thoughts to another
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Gestalt Retroflection:
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a person does to himself what he wants to do to others
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Gestalt Deflection
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avaods contact or awareness by being vague, indirect and overly polite.
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Gestalt Confluence
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self is merged into the beliefs and attitudes of others
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Gestalt Isolation
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more extreme than confluence. awareness of boundary between self and environment is nonexistant.
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Gestalt theory of pathology
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One can interpret the present situation and appropriately self regulate the boundaries between self and environment
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Goals of gestalt therapy
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awareness of environemnt and self
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Gestalt techniques
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directed awareness, I statements, dream analysis and empty chair technique
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Reality Therapy by who
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William Glasser
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Reality therapy basics
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focus client on present behavior, encourage client to take responsibility for his actions
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Reality Therapy: peole have five basic needs
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survival, power, belonging, freedom and fun
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Reality Therapy. Success identity versus failure indenity
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Success identity meets their needs in a responsible manner, failure identity meets needs in irresponsible manner
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Transaction Analysis TA developed by
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Eric Berne
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TA: Three ego states
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Child, parent, adult. at any point in time, one of these states is activated
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TA: Strokes
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transactions takes place between ego states by strokes, or recognition from others. Can be positive or negative
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TA: Scripts
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a persons life plan. Script developed early and reflects persons pattern of giving and receiving strokes
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TA: Life positions
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one can develop one of 4 life positions. i'm ok, you're ok i'm ok, you're not ok, i'm not ok you are, we're both not ok. We all start in the first healthy position
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TA: three types of transactions
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Complementary, crossed, one responds from child ego state. Ulterior, one gives dual message
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TA Games:
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unterior transactions based upon repeated themes resulting in bad feelings
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TA: Goal
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integrate three ego states.
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Feminist therapy rests on what assumption about social roles and socialization?
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They are important determinants
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In Feminists therapy Psychological conflicts are interpreted as arising from
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social role conflicts
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In Feminists therapy the primary goal is
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empowerment
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In Feminists therapy the doctor client relationship is
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demystified
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Main types
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Beck's Cognitive Therapy, Rational emotive Therapy, stress inoculation training, hypnosis, biofeedbac
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Beck CT def
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how one thinks largely determines how one feels and behaves
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Beck has three levels of cognition that affect pathology. They are
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automatic thoughts, Schemas (core beliefs), and cognitive distortions.
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Beck automatic thoughts
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thoughts that arise spontaneously in response to specific stimuli
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Becks Schemas
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core beliefs, underlying assumptions, models of self and world that develop over the course of time
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Becks cognitive distortions
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systematic errors in reasoning that form the link between dysfunctional schemas and automatic thoughts. new information is processed and biased.
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Beck cognitive distortion Arbitrary inference
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drawing a conclusion without supporting evidence
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Beck cognitive distortion
selective abstraction |
focus on detail taken out of context
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Beck cognitive distortion
overgeneralization |
abstracting a general rule from one or few isolated incidents
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Beck cognitive distortion
Magnification and minimization |
seeing something as far more significant or less significant than it really is
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Beck cognitive distortion
personalization |
attributing external events to oneself without evidence of causal connection
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Beck cognitive distortion
dichotomous thinking |
categorizing experiences into one or two extremes
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Beck research shows that depressed patients have more cognitive distortions including
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distorted automatic thoughts, remember more neg than positive
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Beck research. Patients have cognitive triad
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negative thoughts about self, the future and the world
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Becks cognitive techniques
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eliciting automatic thoughts, decatastrophizing, reattribution and defining
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Becks behavioral techniques
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homework to self monitor, activity scheduling, graded task assignments, hypothesis testing, behavioral rehearsal and role playing, diversion techniques
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Beck CT outcome data
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studies show that for depression, Beck is better than drug alone but combined is best.
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Rational Emotive Therapy, developed by
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Albert Ellis
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Rational Emotive Therapy, ABC theory
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A. people experiece undesirable events. B. they have rational and irrational beliefs about these events C. they creat appropriate appropriate emotional and behavioral consequences with their rational beliefs or they create inappropriate and dysfunctional consequences with their irrational beliefs
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Rational Emotive Therapy:Goal
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modify irrational beliefs about life events and replace them
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Rational Emotive Therapy:Musts
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we construct absolute musts and then I must be wealthy leads to I'm worthless because I'm not wealthy
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Rational Emotive Therapy: Therapist will challenge a patients dysfunctional beliefs? True or false
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true
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Stimulous Control: narrowing
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restricting target behavior to limited set of stimuli, eg eat only at dinner table
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Stimulous Control:Cue Strengthening
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linking behavior to increase to specific cue, eg location with studying
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Stimulous Control:Competing responses
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identifying and eliminating responses that block desirable behaviors or encouraging responses that block undesirable behaviors.
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Stress inoculation Training
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good outcome for anger: 1.cognitive preparation, 2.skills acquisition, 3. practice
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Hypnotherapy definition
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relaxed wakefulness, with suspension of peripheral awareness
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Hypnotherapy: three elements
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absorption, dissociation, and suggestibility
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Hypnotherapy uses
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PTSD to gain control over flashbacks, habit or self control
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Hypnotherapy Contradictions
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psychotic disorders, paranod, oc personality. Depressed and manic are hard to hypnotize
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Hypnotherapy:Outcome
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generally effective, few comparitive studies.
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Biofeedback: Uses
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psychophysiological, eg hypertension, tension and migrain headaches, ulcers
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Biofeedback: Outcomes
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controversial. effective but not more so than relaxation training. treatment of choice for fecal incontinence and Raynaud's disease
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Biofeedback: two types and uses
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EMG for tension headaches and skin temperature biofeedback for other issues
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Paradoxical Intention Def
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instruct clients to do what they fear, eg stay awake if you are insomniac.
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Paradoxical Intention: Purpose
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circumvent anticipatory anxiety, which is the cause of the problem. Works best with insomnia
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Guided Imagery: uses and examples
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imagine public speaking and discuss thoughts, visualize police officer at stop sign during impulse to overeat, imagery to distract from cravings for a substance
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Transtheoretical model of change: authors
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prochaska and DiClemente
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Transtheoretical model of change: five stages
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precontemplation little insight, contemplation aware but not ready, preparation in next month, action, maintenance has lasted 6 months
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Motivational interviewing
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help clients resolve ambivalence, build committment. Used to help patients change. based upon prochaska and DiClemente's transtheoretical model of change
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Family Systems: Equifinality
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patterns of behavior not topics are important
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Family Systems: equipotentiality
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one cause can lead to dif results. eg incest might lead to promiscuity or inhibition later in life
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Family Systems: Homeostasis
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tendency of system to restore to status quo
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Family Systems: Negative Feedback:
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father yells to restore comfortable equilibrium
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Family Systems: Positive feedback
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disruptions which creat change in status quo
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Metacommunication: Def
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communication at two levels. Report:intended verbal statement, command: implicit non-verbal message
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Bowen: Extended family systems Triangulation
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parents involve child in conflict, whatever the child does bothers one parent
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Bowen: Goals
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differentiation, genograms, therapist puts himself in triagulation
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Structural Family Therapy: Developer
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Minuchin
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Structural Family Therapy:disengagement
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rigid boundaries that promote isolation.
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Structural Family Therapy: Detouring
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spouses reinforce deviant behavior in the child to take the focus off problems they are having with each other
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Structural Family Therapy: Two types of joining
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Mimesis(adopting family style) and tracting(identifying with families values and history)
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Structural Family Therapy: Family map
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chart of transactional patterns
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Structural Family Therapy: three restructuring patterns:
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enactment, reframing and blocking
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Strategic Family Therapy: Author
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Jay Haley
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Strategic Family Therapy:Focus
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current problem
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Strategic Family Therapy: To haley, therapy is?
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Power struggle between family and therapist
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Strategic Family Therapy: three stategies:
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Directives(straightforward or paradoxical), Reframing (relabel to make more amenable to change), Circular Questioning (therapsist askes each family member about relationships and notes differences to help family see problems in a new light)
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Operant Interpersonal Therapy: Author
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Richard Stewart
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Operant Interpersonal Therapy: definition
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marital therapy based upon operant conditioning and social exchange theory
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Question
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Answer
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Object-Relations Family Therapy: what therapy school, what key components
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psychodynamic, includes insight and transferences
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Group Therapy: Father
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Irvin Yalom
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Group makeup
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best if similar developmental level and intelligence level
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Group Size:
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7-10
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Yalom Group Three stages:
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Hesitant, Power (oppose Therapist), and Cohesive
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Group Leader
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handle multiple transferences, encourage participation, Co-Therapy is good, open disagreement is OK later
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Group Therapy benefits
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Hope, info sharing, others have similar problems, Most important is interpersonal learning, catharsis and cohesiveness.
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Crisis Intervention goals
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reduce symptoms, increase coping, restore prev level of functioning, prevent future breakdowns
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Crisi Intervention Stages
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formulation (indentify crisis), Implementation (previous assessment, goals and implementation), Termination.
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Brief Psychotherapy
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less than 25 sessions, therapeutic alliance is primary
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Solution Focused Therapy: Type and authors
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brief therapy developed by de Shazer and Insoo Berg
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Solution Focused Therapy: Components
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Goals to move client from complaint narratives to solution narratives. Miracle Question, narrative stories and language games
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Personality Inventories: Based upon
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criterion keying. Common answers in large groups
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MMPI Clinical Scales: HS
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Hypochondriasis: abnormal preoccupation with somatic(relating to the body) functioning
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MMPI Clinical Scales D
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depression: conventional notion of helpless, hopeless, worthless
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MMPI Clinical Scales: HY
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Hysteria: Physical symptoms with functional origin, high score suggests conversion reaction
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Conversion Reaction: Def
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conversion of mental conflict into somatic forms (into paralysis or anesthesia having no apparent cause)
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MMPI Clinical Scales: PD
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Psychopathic Deviate: lack of social consciousness;antisocial tendancies
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MMPI Clinical Scales: Mf
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interests typical of the opposite sex
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MMPI Clinical Scales:Pa
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paranoia: vigilance and extreme suspiciousness
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MMPI Clinical Scales:Pt
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Psychasthenia: neurotic manifestations other than hysteria, especially phobias, compulsions
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MMPI Clinical Scales:Sc
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Schizophrenia:thought disorder, bizarre actions
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MMPI Clinical Scales:Ma
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Hypomania:manic style, inability to concentrate
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MMPI Clinical Scales:Si
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Social introversion:intraversion/extraversion
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MMPI scoring:
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T-score, mean 50, Sd is 10, over 65 is significant
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MMPI: Pattern Analysis def
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scores on several scales are compared to identify a pattern
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MMPI Valididty Scales:L
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(lie) above 55, person perfectionistic, defensive, wants to be seen in favorable light, endorses socially approved attitudes no one typically has
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MMPI Valididty Scales: F
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(Infrequency)Statements endorsed by one 10% of pop. F above 70 is looking bad to seek help or antisocial. Score above 90 are invalid
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MMPI Valididty Scales:K
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(Korrection)defensiveness and guardedness. High score indicates means test taker does not want to reveal anything and attempts to deny. Score less than 40 means low self image. Score above 60 suggest rigid inability to look inside.
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MMPI Valididty Scales: TRIN
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(True Response Inconsistancy) Assess subjects tendency to endorce items in a consistant way, such as all true or all false
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Rorschach Inkblot: what type test
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projective
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Rorschach Inkblot: Location
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areas of inkblot used in responses. Whole (W) and Unusual detail (Dd)
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Rorschach Inkblot: Determinants
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characteristics of an inkblot including Form (F). Form answers are based upon perceived form features, ie shape.
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Rorschach Inkblot:Content
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refers to percepts or subjects perceived by the examinee. Eg Human content (H) and animal content (A)
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Rorschach Inkblot: Populars
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coded P, most frequent seen form responses. High number may reflect excessive conventionality
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Rorschach Inkblot:Research
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Using John Exners scoring system, may have larger validity coefficients than the MMPI
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Thematic Apperception Test TAT: Type
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Projective
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Thematic Apperception Test: def
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subjects tell stories using a given set of pictures. subjects asked what characters were thinking, etc
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Draw a Person test
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assumes drwaing represents expression of self.
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Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory: SCII Def
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assesses persons personal interests and compares them to norms from people satisfied and successful in various occupations.
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Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory: SCII Outcome data
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More valid for predicting occupational choice and satisfaction, but not success
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Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory: SCII Interests are reported how?
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In terms of general Occupational themes developed by Holland which are realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enetrprising and conventional
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Kruder Vocational Preference Record KVP-R def
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Yields an indication of interet in broad areas versus the Strong Campbell which shows specific occupations
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Neuropsychological assessment: What
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process of measuring deficits and relating to known or suspected brain lesions
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What are these? Abstraction, concept-formation, psychomotor function, sensory-perceptual functions, visual-spatial skills, verbal abilities, memory, alertness and concentrated attention and motivational-emotional functioning
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areas of Neuropsychological assessment
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Halstead-Reitan
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Neuropsychological assessment
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Luria-Nebraska Battery
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Neuropsychological assessment
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Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test: Def
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screening device, rarely used without other assessment devices
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Stroop Color-Word test
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used to measure frontal lobe damage. Screening device
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Eysenck 1952 found what
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19 studies, no different than no therapy. Then in 1985 agreed that behavior therapy alone made a difference
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Smith, Glass and Miller outcome studies found
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treatment efferct size of .85 meaning the average client is better off than 80% of controls and 66% of treated versus 33% of controls show improvement. Used metaanalysis of 475 studies
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Standard conclusion of outcome studies about one therapy versus another
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no difference
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Which is better predictor of outcome? Client variables or therapist?
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Client
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Client variable: Intelligence
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higher will benefit more
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Client Outcome variable: Openness/Nondefensiveness
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More open will do better
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Client Outcome variable:Age:
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No difference
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Client Outcome variable: Gender
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none
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Client Outcome variable: Motivation
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inconsisant
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Client Outcome variable: Understanding of goals
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being clear is moderate predictor
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Client Outcome variable: Socioeconomic Status
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No difference but low socioeconomic are referred to less experienced therapists
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Client Outcome variable:Personality Characteristics:
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ego strength, suggestibility and anxiety tolerance help
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Client Outcome variable:Expectations:
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Very high or low expectations don't do as well. Moderate expectations do best
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Therapist Outcoome Variables: Age
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slight
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Therapist Outcoome Variables: Ethnicity
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No affect on outcome but ethnic similarity reduces low early drop-out. Some research show blacks disclose more to blacks and self-exploration higher
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Therapist Outcoome Variables: Emotional well-being
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clear but modest
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Therapist Outcoome Variables: Expectations
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better if similar expectations
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Therapist Outcoome Variables:Self disclosure
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none
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Therapist Outcoome Variables: Orientation
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none
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Therapist Outcoome Variables: Gender
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none
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Therapist Outcoome Variables:Competence
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few studies but most important
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Therapist Outcoome Variables: Therapeutic Alliance
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most important
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Therapist Outcoome Variables: Duration
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Linear up to 26 weeks
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Therapist Outcoome Variables: Type
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generally no difference
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Therapy Outcoome:Children
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Children and adolescents same as adults
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Therapy Outcoome: Girls versus boys
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girls best and adolescent girls better yet
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Therapy Outcoome:Geriatric depression
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works
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Therapy Outcoome: Phases of therapy
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Howard et al phase one Remoralization (reduce hopelessness, phase two remediation (symptomatic relief in 16 sessions) and rehabilitation (better functioning)
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Cross Cultural: Emic, Etic
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Emic (meaningful from viewpoint of members of the culture, Etic (that which scientific community thinks is important
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Cross Cultural: Study of latino clients found three classes of factors with limited therapy interactions
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Language, class bound values (middle class for therapists and culture-bound values used by therapists to decide what is normal
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Cross Cultural: Variable that may affect therapy outcome: Racial Cultural identification:
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The stronger the client identification, the more important a same culture therapist
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Cross Cultural: Attitude similarity
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same attitude more important that race
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Cross Cultural:Therapist sensitivity
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the more sensitive helped for better alliance
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Cross Cultural:presenting issue
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may be important but not sure how
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Cross Cultural: Cultural Encapsulation:
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therapist defines world by his world and culture, ignores cultural variations, unaware of his biases, defines counseling in terms of dogmatically accepted techniques.
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Cross Cultural: Acculturation
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Process when one culture assimilates with another. Less acculturated individuals want racially similar therapist.
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Cross Cultural:Berry's acculturation Model: Integration
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High retention of minority culture and high maintenance of mainstream culture
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Cross Cultural:Berry's acculturation Model: Assimilation
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Low retention of minority culture and high maintenance of mainstream culture
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Cross Cultural:Berry's acculturation Model: Separation;
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High retention of minority culture and low maintenance of mainstream culture
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Cross Cultural:Berry's acculturation Model: Marginalization
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Low retention of minority culture and low maintenance of mainstream culture
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Cultural Issues: High Context Communication:
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Black, hispanic, native americans. Low verbal, higher non-verbal
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Minority Utilization of mental health services
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Higher inpatient, lower outpatient
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Minority Development Model (Atkinson, Morten and Sue): Stage One Conformity
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Prefers dominant culture
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Minority Development Model (Atkinson, Morten and Sue): Stage two Dissonance
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Confusiion and conflict
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Minority Development Model (Atkinson, Morten and Sue): Resistance and Immersion
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Rejects mainstream and endorses his culture
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Minority Development Model (Atkinson, Morten and Sue): Introspection
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begins to question total loyalty to his own culture
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Minority Development Model (Atkinson, Morten and Sue): Synergistic Articulation and Awareness
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self fulfillment and great autonomy, wants to eliminate opression
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White and People of Color Racial Identity Model. Janet Helms. Six identity Statuses: Contact
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Limited contact with people of color and oblivious to their whiteness
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White and People of Color Racial Identity Model. Janet Helms. Six identity Statuses: Disintegration
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greater awareness and awareness of inequalities
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White and People of Color Racial Identity Model. Janet Helms. Six identity Statuses:Reintegration
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Resolve their conflist by determining whites are superior
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White and People of Color Racial Identity Model. Janet Helms. Six identity Statuses:Pseudo Independence
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dissatisfaction with reintegration and re-examination
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White and People of Color Racial Identity Model. Janet Helms. Six identity Statuses:Immersion-Emersion
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embrace their whiteness without rejecting minorities
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White and People of Color Racial Identity Model. Janet Helms. Six identity Statuses: Autonomy
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internalize nonracist white indenity based upon realistic understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of White culture
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Counseling Black Clients: Best when
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problem oriented and time limited
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Counseling Black Clients: How much focus on differences?
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pay attention but don't over focus
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Counseling Black Clients: Nigresence Theory. Definition
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The process of becoming black
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Counseling Black Clients: Cross Model of Psychological Nigresence . Pre-encounter
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white culture dominated
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Counseling Black Clients: Cross Model of Psychological Nigresence. Encounter
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Event causes disruption and ends with frantic search for African American Identity
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Counseling Black Clients: Cross Model of Psychological Nigresence. Immersion-Emersion
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destroy all remnats of old identity
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Counseling Black Clients: Cross Model of Psychological Nigresence. Internalization
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Openness and anti-caucasion feelings diminish
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Counseling Black Clients: Cross Model of Psychological Nigresence. Internalization-Commitment
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Reduces political activity but activism to improve condition of african-Americans
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Counseling Hispanic: Characteristics
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Patriarchal: Rigid sex roles and family roles. Hispanics prefer personal contact and attention
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Counseling native America Clients: Issues
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Know tribe and family system, prefer non-directive, history oriented and accepting and cooperative approach.
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Counseling native America Clients: Therapist traits
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Therpists should be reserved, open, accepting and very willing to listen
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Counseling Asian American Clients: Issues
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Family, age and sex determine social roles, traditional, patriarchal, respectful of elders
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Counseling Asian American Clients: In Therapy clients are
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Reserved and inhibited, hard to discuss emotions
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Counseling Asian American Clients: In Therapy clients prefer
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Direct, structured and short-term
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Counseling the Elderly
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Avoid Stereotypes, note high rate of depression
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Counseling gays and Lesbians
Homosexuality Identity Formation Stages |
Isolation, Alienation and shame, rejection of self, Passing as straight, Consolidating a self identity by calling self gay, accultuation (learning to be gay), Integrating self and public identity(coming out), Pride and synthesis(acquiring integration and community)
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Sexual Prejudice: Term coined by Gregory Herek. Definition
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negative attitude about individuals orientation
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