Eppp Study Cards - Clinical Psychology

Front 1

4 assumptions shared by psychodynamic therapies

Back 1

1. Human behavior motivated largely by unconscious processes
2. Early development has profound effect on adult functioning
3. Universal principles explain personality development and behavior
4. Insight into unconscious processes is a key component of psychotherapy

Front 2

The 3 parts of Freud’s structural (drive) model of the psyche are:

Back 2

1. Id--> birth; life & death instincts (in direct opposition of the superego, dominated by pleasure principle)
2. Ego--> 6 mo.; reality principle (mediates amongst the id, superego and external world)
3. Superego--> 4-5 yrs; internalizes society’s values (acts as conscious and ego-ideal)

Front 3

Id is to ego as ______ is to ______.

Back 3

Pleasure principle
Reality principle

Front 4

5 stages of Freud’s psychosexual development where the libido (sexual energy) shifts from one area of the body to another

Back 4

1. Oral: 1st year
2. Anal: 1-3 yrs
3. Phallic: 3-6 yrs
4. Latency: 6-12 yrs
5. Genital: 12+ yrs

**Orphan Annie is a Pretty Little Girl**

Front 5

8 major defense mechanisms

Back 5

* Repression (most basic defense)
* Displacement
* Suppression
* Sublimation
* Projection
* Regression
* Reaction formation
* Rationalization

Defenses keep impulses unconscious and anxiety occurs when defenses break down.

Front 6

2 common characteristics of defense mechanisms

Back 6

1. Unconscious
2. Deny, distort or falsify reality

Front 7

Psychoanalytic psychotherapy: Goal? Techniques?

Back 7

Goal: bring unconscious into conscious awareness & integrate previously repressed info

Techniques: free association, dreams, resistances, transferences (confrontation, clarification, interpretation, working through)

Front 8

Freud’s Oedipal complex occurs in the ______ psychosexual stage.

Back 8

Phallic

Front 9

One of Freud’s central beliefs was that ideas could be dissociated from consciousness. Who was the source for this belief?

Back 9

Charcot

Front 10

Key concepts of Adler’s individual psychology

Back 10

* Inferiority feelings --> develop in childhood from real or perceived bio/psycho/social weaknesses
* Striving for superiority--> inherent tendency toward “perfect completion”
* Style of life --> ways person compensates for inferiority and achieves superiority
* Social interest --> goals for healthy or unhealthy (mistaken) style of life

Front 11

What is Adler’s teleological approach?

Back 11

View that behavior is largely motivated by future goals (goal-directed and purposeful) rather than determined by past events

Front 12

Difference between Adler's and Freud's theories.
Adler's explanation of maladaptive behavior.

Back 12

* Adler focuses on social factors.
* Mental disorders represent mistaken style of life. Trying to compensate for feelings of inferiority, preoccupation with achieving personal power, lack of social interest.

Front 13

Jung’s analytical psychotherapy focuses on ________ and ______ processes.

Back 13

Conscious (oriented to external world, governed by ego)
Unconscious (personal unconscious and collective unconscious)
Goal is to integrate them (called individuation)

Front 14

Jung’s main archetypes

Back 14

* Self (striving for unity of personality)
* Persona (public mask)
* Shadow (dark side)
* Anima (feminine aspects)
* Animus (masculine aspects)

Front 15

What common crisis did Jung define?

Back 15

Midlife crisis

Front 16

Focus of object relations theory

Back 16

Development of introjects (internalized representations) based upon early interactions.
View object-seeking (relationships with others) as basic inborn drive.

Front 17

Mahler’s phases of development for creating an identity

Back 17

1. Normal autism (1 mo.) --> oblivious to external environment
2. Normal symbiosis (2-3 mo.) --> fused with mother, cannot differentiate
3. Separation-individuation (4 mo.- 3 yrs.) --> separation through exploring environment; conflict between independence & dependence; develop permanent sense of self and object (object constancy)

Front 18

According to Kernberg, borderline personality disorder originates from:

Back 18

Inability to integrate positive and negative parts of self and others (splitting).

Front 19

Main focus of the humanistic therapists.
How they view psychopathology.

Back 19

Focus: Subjective experience of the here and now.

Psychopathology: well-intentioned defense that interferes with personal growth

Front 20

What is Carl Roger’s theory of psychotherapy?

Back 20

Person-centered therapy
* all people have innate self-actualizing tendencies
* need to reconcile discrepancy between real and ideal sense of self

Front 21

What are Roger’s necessary and sufficient conditions for growth?

Back 21

1. unconditional positive regard (respect)
2. genuineness (congruence)
3. accurate empathic understanding

Front 22

Gestalt therapy: Founder, Focus, Goal

Back 22

FOUNDER: Fritz Perls
FOCUS: self (creative part of personality) and self-image (imposes external standards)
GOAL: integrate self and self-image into unified whole; awareness of thoughts, feelings & actions in the present

Front 23

4 boundary disturbances in Gestalt therapy

Back 23

1. Introjection (can’t differentiate between self & other; leads to overcompliance)
2. Projection (blind spot, it’s present but can’t see it so project; leads to paranoia)
3. Retroflection (doing to himself what he wants to do to others)
4. Confluence (no boundaries between self & environment; want likeness of self; leads to guilt & resentment)

Front 24

Focus of existential therapy

Back 24

The human conditions of depersonalization, loneliness, isolation. Assumes people are in constant state of "becoming".
Goal is to reconcile upsetting feelings and be self-aware

Front 25

What is William Glasser’s Theory? What is its goal?

Back 25

Reality therapy- people can take control of their lives.
Goal is to create a success identity (fulfill needs in responsible way)
**Look through the Glass to see Reality**

Front 26

According to Glasser, what are the psychological and physical innate needs?

Back 26

Psychological- belonging, power, freedom, fun
Physical- survival

Front 27

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) is primarily used to treat _________.

Back 27

Depression

Front 28

According to Interpersonal Therapy (IPT), depression is the result of:

Back 28

Early attachment disturbances that lead to problems in social roles and interpersonal functioning

Front 29

4 problem areas focused on in Interpersonal Therapy?

Back 29

1. Grief
2. Interpersonal role disputes
3. Role transitions
4. Interpersonal deficits

Front 30

5 stages of change in the Transtheoretical Model

Back 30

1. Precontemplation- denial, little insight
2. Contemplation- aware of need to change
3. Preparation- realistic plan
4. Action
5. Maintenance- change of 6+ mo., prevent relapse

**PCP in the AM**

Front 31

__________ is consistent with the transtheoretical model and was developed for clients ambivalent about change.

Back 31

Motivational interviewing

Front 32

2 primary theories that influenced family therapy

Back 32

1. General systems theory --> open system (info from/to environment, easier to change), homeostasis (maintain status quo, one gets better = another gets worse)
2. Cybernetics --> feedback loops: negative (no change, maintain status quo) or positive (change, disrupts system)

Front 33

3 main assumptions of Communication/Interaction Family Therapy

Back 33

1. People are always communicating (verbal/nonverbal)
2. Functions --> report (content/info) & command (nonverbal, reflects relationship). Problem when don’t match.
3. Communication patterns --> symmetrical (equality but may become competitive) & complementary (inequality, maximize differences)

Front 34

What percentage of clients drop out of group therapy? What factors influence choosing group members?

Back 34

* 10-35% drop out in first 12-20 sessions
Good candidates --> interpersonal issues, motivated, positive view of therapy, verbal
Bad candidates --> incompatible w/ group norms, can’t tolerate group setting, extreme depression, psychosis, paranoia, TBI

Front 35

Extended Family Systems Therapy: Founder, Theory, Goal, Technique

Back 35

FOUNDER: Bowen
THEORY: Probelms result of multigenerational transmission.
GOAL:­ intellectual & emotional differentiation
TECHNIQUE: Focus on spouses or 2 most mature people; do genogram; be coach and educate them

**From a large crowd of all the family members, he used a BOW to strike an arrow into family member that stuck out most. This differentiated the individual singled out to work with.**

Front 36

Structural family therapy: Founder, Focus

Back 36

FOUNDER: Minuchin
FOCUS: power hierarchy, boundary problems (rules that determine amount of contact allowed)
* Too rigid = disengaged/ isolated
* Too diffuse = enmeshed
* Rigid triads: detouring (scapegoating); stable coalition (ganging up); triangulation/ unstable coalition (pulled in 2 directions)

**Min struck his chin**

Front 37

Strategic family therapy: Founder, Focus, Strategy

Back 37

FOUNDER: Haley
FOCUS: communication and how it’s used to increase control
STRATEGY: think power, military talks with enemy, directives for troops, paradoxes to fool them, reframing for peace talks, ordeals in boot camp

**Haley’s comet was strategically sent around the universe by intelligent life forms.**

Front 38

What is systemic family therapy?

Back 38

* Based on circular patterns of action & reaction. Fixed pattern = more problems.
* Uses therapeutic team
* Hypothesizing; neutrality; paradox; circular questions (examine perceptions in each family member)

Front 39

3 main concepts of Extended Family Systems Therapy

Back 39

1. Differentiation of self --> ability to separate intellect & emotions; ↓ ability = ­ ↑ emotions & fused with family’s emotions (undifferentiated family ego mass)
2. Emotional triangle --> bring in third person to reduce tension; ↓ differentiation = ­ ↑ ET
3. Family protection process --> transmission of parental conflicts/ emotional immaturity to kids, usually oldest or one born at time of stress

Front 40

Yalom's stages of group therapy

Back 40

1. determine group structure and meaning; rational communication; look to leader
2. hierarchy develops; more negative comments; some hostility toward leader
3. cohesiveness develops; more trust and self-disclosure

Front 41

What factors has research found to be most important in group therapy? What are the ones of least value?

Back 41

MOST IMPORTANT: interpersonal input, catharsis, self-understanding, cohesiveness.
LEAST VALUE: family re-enactment, guidance, identification

Front 42

Group therapist's primary tasks (according to Yalom)

Back 42

1. Creation and maintenance of group
2. Culture building (establish norms)
3. Activation and illumination of here-and-now (process work)

Front 43

Feminist therapy: Focus, Goal, Technique

Back 43

FOCUS: problems arise from gender conflicts or oppressive social context
GOAL: empowerment
TECHNIQUES: egalitarian relationship, avoid labels and revictimization, involvement in social action

Front 44

How is feminist therapy different from traditional therapy?

Back 44

Feminist therapy emphasizes power differences between sexes and how it impacts our behavior,

Front 45

___% to ___% of group members drop out of therapy during the first ___ to ___ sessions.

Back 45

10% - 35%
12 - 20 sessions

Front 46

What makes a person a good candidate for group therapy?
What factors are contraindicated?

Back 46

GOOD CANDIDATE: interpersonal issues are primary problem; motivated to change; positive view of group tx; verbal; slow to engage in therapy; appreciates peer support/feedback.
CONTRAINDICATIONS: can't follow group norms; can't tolerate group setting; severe sx (extreme depression, paranoia, psychosis, TBI); sociopathy

Front 47

Crisis Intervention: Goals, Focus

Back 47

GOAL: reach people in acute state of stress & provide them with enough support to prevent chronic stress in future.
FOCUS: relieve sx, restore previous level of functioning, identify precipitators & remedies, help with coping skills

Front 48

Are suicide hotlines helpful?

Back 48

Evidence that it can reduce suicide rates, especially for young white females (most frequent callers)

Front 49

What are the 3 types of prevention in community psychology?

Back 49

PRIMARY PREVENTION: decrease incidence of new cases of disorders. Focuses on promoting health available to all members of identified population (ex: immunization programs).
SECONDARY PREVENTION: reduce duration of disorders through early detection & intervention. Identify specific individuals & give them screening, tx.
TERTIARY PREVENTION: reduce duration and consequence of disorders. Rehab programs, education.

Front 50

What are 2 main strategies used in community psychology?

Back 50

1. Education--> reduce incidence by increasing preventative actions, improve care and educate public. Perceived peer norms can be better predictor of risk than just knowledge.
2. Preventative health care--> Health Belief Model (health behaviors can be modified by targeting knowledge and/or motivation to act), Health Locus of Control Model (can enhance pt's health behaviors by promoting sense of personal responsibility & control)

Front 51

What is consultation?

Back 51

Process in which human services professional assists consultee with work- or caretaking-related problem with client system, with goal of helping both consultee and client system in specified way

Front 52

What are the 4 stages of consultation?

Back 52

1. Entry--> identify needs, contract, enter the system. Resistance most common here.
2. Diangosis--> gather info, define problem, set goals, generate possible intervention
3. Implementation--> choose intervention, make & implement plan.
4. Disengagement--> evaluate consultation, reduce involvement, terminate.

Front 53

What are formative and summative evaluations, as used in consultations?

Back 53

Formative evaluations: periodic assessments of consultation process.
Summative evaluations: assessment of consultation product

Front 54

What are the 4 types of mental health consultation?

Back 54

1. Client-Centered Case Consultation--> help consultee work better with paticular client. Consultant acts as expert.
2. Consultee-Centered Case Consultation--> enhance consultee's performance in delivering services to particular population/group of clients. Focus on consultee's KSAs and/or objectivity.
3. Program-Centered Adminstrative Consultation--> work with adminstrators to fix existing program.
4. Consultee-Centered Adminstrative Consultation--> help adminstrative-level personnel be more effective with future program.

Front 55

How is consultation different from supervision?

Back 55

Supervision usually has person from same profession, who has responsiblity for and power over supervisee.
Consultation may not involve person from same profession and don't have same responsiblity/power.