Eppp Clinical Psychology

Front 1

Freud: Repression

Back 1

Rejection from consciousness of painful or shameful experiences. Prevents unacceptable impulses or desires from reaching consciousness. It is an unconscious process.

Front 2

Freud: Reaction Formation

Back 2

Replaces urges that are unacceptable to the ego with their opposites. Typical of obsessive disorders.

Front 3

Freud: Projection

Back 3

Attributing unacceptable wishes to another.

Front 4

Freud: Displacement

Back 4

Transferring an emotion from the original idea or object to a more acceptable (i.e., safer) one. People with phobias displace their fears onto other objects.

Front 5

Freud: Sublimation

Back 5

Transformation of libidinal urges into socially acceptable interests and activities. Mature DM.

Front 6

Four steps of psychoanalysis

Back 6

Confrontation
Clarification
Interpretation
Working Through

Front 7

Important terms: Carl Jung

Back 7

Analytic Psychology
Individual (personal) Unconscious
Collective Unconscious
Archetypes
Extroversion vs. Introversion

Front 8

Carl Jung: Archetypes

Back 8

Predispositions to perception and emotion shared by all people

Front 9

Important terms: Alfred Adler

Back 9

Individual Psychology
Inferiority complex
Compensatory patterns of behavior
Style of Life

Front 10

STEP training based on whose theoretical approach?

Back 10

Alfred Adler

Front 11

Examples of Neo-Freudians

Back 11

Karen Horney
Harry Stack Sullivan
Erich Fromm

Front 12

Important concepts: Neo-Freudians

Back 12

Importance of instinctual forces downplayed
Focus on social and cultural determinants of personality

Front 13

Key concepts: Karen Horney

Back 13

Parental behaviors can cause basic anxiety.
Modes of relating to others (e.g., movement toward others, movement against others).

Front 14

Key concepts: Harry Stack Sullivan

Back 14

Role of cognitive experience in personality development.
Prototaxic, parataxic, and syntaxic modes.
Neurotic behavior often caused by parataxic distortions.

Front 15

Key concepts: Erich Fromm

Back 15

Role of societal factors in personality development.
Five character styles: receptive, exploitative, hoarding, marketing, productive.

Front 16

Key concepts: Ego-Analysts

Back 16

Anna Freud, David Rappoport, Heinz Hartmann.
Emphasis on Ego's role in personality development.
Ego-defensive vs. Ego-autonomous functions.
Psychopathology related to ego losing autonomy from id.
Opportunities for "re-parenting".

Front 17

Key concepts: Object-relations Theory

Back 17

Klein, Fairbairn, Mahler, Kernberg, Kohut, Winnicott.
Object introjects
"Psychological birth" around age 2-3.
"Splitting" representations of others: all good or all bad.
Type of "re-parenting"

Front 18

Key concepts: Heinz Kohut

Back 18

Developer of Self-Psychology
Work on Narcissism

Front 19

Key concepts: Client-Centered Therapy

Back 19

Carl Rogers

Self-actualizing tendency

Incongruence: Conflict between self-concept and the person's experience

Three characteristics of therapy: Empathetic Understanding, Unconditional Positive Regard, Congruence (honesty, genuineness) (research hasn't supported notion that these three conditions are related to positive outcomes)

Front 20

Key concepts: Existential Therapy

Back 20

Struggle between individual and "ultimate concerns" of existence (death, meaninglessness, etc.)

Two types of anxiety: normal (existential) anxiety and neurotic anxiety

Front 21

Key concepts: Gestalt Therapy

Back 21

Fritz Perls

Assuming responsibility and living fully as a whole, integrated person.

Self (promotes actualization, growth, awareness; "wants") and Self-image (imposes external standards on the self and impairs growth; "shoulds")

Boundary disturbances: Introjection, Projection, Retroflection, Deflection, Confluence, Isolation. BD's become pathological when they exist outside the person's awareness and are maladaptive.

Awareness is everything: need to become aware of needs, organize behavior to meet needs. Awareness allows accurate interpretation of the environment.

Focus on present reality; here-and-now awareness

Empty chair technique

Front 22

Key Concepts: Reality Therapy

Back 22

William Glasser

Focus the client on present behavior, be realistic in fulfilling needs without harming self or others, taking responsibility for actions

Five basic needs: Survival, Power, Belonging, Freedom, Fun

"Success Identity" (individual meets needs responsibly) vs. "Failure Identity" (needs met in an irresponsible manner)

Schools Without Failure (SWF) program: application in educational settings

Front 23

Key concepts: Transactional Analysis

Back 23

Eric Berne

Ego States: child, parent, adult. Interactions (transactions) are primarily between ego states.

Strokes: positive or negative recognition from others

Scripts: person's life plan, characteristic pattern of giving and receiving strokes.

4 Life Positions: 1) I'm OK - You're OK; 2) I'm OK - You're not OK, etc. All children begin in 1st life position, then modified by parenting.

Transactions: Complementary, Crossed (adult:child), Ulterior (dual message)

Games: Ulterior transactions ("Now I've Got You, You SOB")

Goal: Alter maladaptive life positions and life scripts and integrate three ego states.

Front 24

Key concepts: Feminist Therapy

Back 24

Assumption that social roles and socialization are important determinants of behavior.

Social role conflicts: give rise to psychological conflicts.

Focus on sexism and oppression of women.

Goals: Empowerment; show clients alternative social roles and options. Therapist acts as model.

Doctor-patient relationship is "demystified." Equalization of power.

Non-Sexist Therapy: removing sexist biases from treatment. Less political than feminist therapy.

Feminist Object-Relations Theory (e.g., Nancy Chodorow): incorporation of psychodynamic principles; focus on gender-related differences in mother-child relationship; men and women should be equally responsible for child-rearing.

Self-in-Relation Theory: sense of self depends on connections with others; progression from infantile dependency to mature interdependency; relational self develops through internalization of caretaker's empathetic attitude; psychopathology considered inevitable outcome of disconnection with others; goal of therapy: increase interpersonal connections (particularly mother-daughter relationship)

Front 25

Key concepts: Beck's Cognitive Therapy

Back 25

Collaborative process of empirical investigation, reality testing, and problem-solving between therapist and patient. Patient's maladaptive interpretations and conclusions are treated as testable hypotheses.

Automatic thoughts: individual's appraisals that arise spontaneously in response to specific stimuli or situations.

Schemas (or Core Beliefs, Underlying Assumptions): internal models of self and world that develop through experience; facilitate information processing

Cognitive Distortions: Systematic errors in reasoning that link dysfunctional schemas and automatic thoughts; information often distorted to fit relevant schema, resulting in dysfunctional automatic thoughts.

Cognitive Triad: negative views of the self, the future, and the world

Front 26

Examples of cognitive distortions:

Back 26

Arbitrary Inference

Selective Abstraction

Overgeneralization

Magnification and Minimization

Personalization

Dichotomous Thinking

Front 27

Key concepts: Rational Emotive Therapy

Back 27

Albert Ellis

"ABC" theory of human disturbance: A - experience of undesirable events, B - rational and irrational beliefs about these events, and C - creation of appropriate consequences with rational beliefs, or creation of inappropriate and dysfunctional consequences with irrational beliefs.

Goal: modify irrational beliefs about life events

Irrational beliefs stems from "musts".

Direct confrontation of irrational beliefs, contingency contracting, in-vivo desensitization, response prevention, psychoeducational methods.

Front 28

Major differences between Beck's CT and Ellis' RET

Back 28

RET: irrational thoughts lead to maladaptive behavior; CT: thoughts dysfunctional when they interfere with normal cog processing, not necessarily bc they are irrational.

RET: more heavily behavioral.

RET: therapist more likely to challenge patient's dysfunctional beliefs; CT: patient usually encouraged to test these beliefs on his or her own.

Front 29

Key concepts: Self-Control Techniques

Back 29

Self-Monitoring: (minor and short-term effects)

Stimulus Control: modifying existing S-R relationship, or creating a new one; examples: narrowing, cue strengthening, competing responses. Most useful when implemented at the beginning of a response chain.

Front 30

Three steps of Stress Innoculation Training

Back 30

1) cognitive preparation (education)

2) Skills aquisition

3) Practice (application)

(good for aggression and impulsive anger problems)

Front 31

Key concepts: Hypnotherapy

Back 31

Three factors involved: 1) absorption, 2) dissociation, 3) suggestibility.

Individuals have greater confidence in memories retrieved under hypnosis, but memories are likely to be distorted.

Used for: dissociative disorders, PTSD, habit or self control disorders (smoking, overeating, substance use), phobias, and generalized anxiety.

Contraindicated for: psychotic disorders, paranoid and suspicious patients, OCD traits. Also, severely depressed and manic patients are hard to hypnotize.

Few studies comparing with other treatments.

Front 32

Key concepts: Biofeedback

Back 32

Used for psychophysiological disorders (e.g., hypertension, headaches, ulcers).

For many problems, not much more effective than relaxation training.

However, it's the treatment of choice for fecal incontinence and Raynaud's disease.

EMG biofeedback for tension headaches.

Skin Temperature biofeedback for migraines.

Front 33

Other CBT techniques: Paradoxical Intention

Back 33

Instructing clients to do or wish for the things they fear. Prescribing the symptom.

Purpose is to circumvent anticipatory anxiety.

Most commonly used to treat insomnia. Results are mixed.

Front 34

Purposes of guided imagery techniques

Back 34

1) help identify automatic thoughts

2) increase self-control

3) distraction technique

4) visualize desired life outcomes

Front 35

Stages in Prochaska and DeClemente's Transtheoretical Model of Change

Back 35

1) Precontemplation: little insight of need for change

2) Contemplation: considering change (in the next 6 months) but not committed to it.

3) Preparation: clear intent to take action within the next month; may have begun taking small steps.

4) Action: considerable time and energy devoted to change; obvious to others

5) Maintenance: change has lasted 6 months, person consolidating change and taking steps to prevent relapse. May last as long as a lifetime.

Front 36

Motivational Interviewing

Back 36

Miller and Rollnick

Based on Prochaska and DeClemente's Transtheoretical Model of Change

Goal: help individuals move from precontemplation stage through contemplation, toward committment to change.

Five basic principles: express empathy, develop discrepancy, avoid argumentation and direct confrontation, roll with resistance, support self-efficacy for change.

Front 37

Key Concepts: Systems Theory

Back 37

family as an "open system" (able to receive energy by interacting with the environment) vs a "closed system" (resistant to change due to rigid or impermeable boundaries)

Properties of the family system:

Wholeness: parts are interrelated

Non-summativity: whole greater than sum of parts

Equifinality: patterns of behavior more important than specific controversies

Equipotentiality: One cause can lead to different results (multifinality)

Homeostasis

Negative Feedback: maintenance of homeostasis by correcting deviations in the status quo.

Positive feedback: disruption of homeostasis by encourgaging or creating deviations in the status quo.

Front 38

Communication/Interaction Therapy

Back 38

All behavior is a form of communication

1960s research at Mental Research Institute in Palo Alto

Double-Bind Communication: two aspects of the same communication contradict each other.

Metacommunication: two levels of communication: "report" (intended verbal statement) and "command" (implicit non-verbal message; metacommunication)

Symmetrical communications: equality between communicators

Complementary communications: inequality in communicators; reciprocal nature; parent/child or therapist/client

Front 39

Extended Family Systems Therapy

Back 39

Murray Bowen

Family dysfunction as part of an intergenerational process.

Theoretical constructs: Differentiation of Self (vs. "fused" with other family members' emotions and problems), Triangulation, Nuclear Family Emotional System (mechanisms used to deal with tension and instability), Family Projective Process (projection of parental a family dysfunction onto children), Emotional Cutoff (methods used by children to remove themselves from emotional ties to parents), Multigenerational Transmission Process (escalation of dysfunction through the generations), Sibling Position (birth order), Societal Regression (impact of societal stress on family system)

Goals and Techniques: differentiation of self, use of genograms, Triangulation (therapist as third family member)

Tx typically with just husband and wife

Front 40

Structural Family Therapy

Back 40

Salvador Minuchin