Eppp 2004 Exam 3

Front 1

Alzheimer's disease

Back 1

In Stage 1, which lasts 2-4 years, short-term memory loss begins. Patients in this stage frequently complain about forgetting where they placed things.
In Stage 2, which lasts 2-10 years, there is further memory impairment (mostly explicit rather than implicit) and they begin having difficulty performing complex tasks, such as balancing a checkbook or going grocery shopping. They may get lost in familiar places and become apathetic.
In the final stage -- Stage 3 -- which lasts 1-3 years, there is serious impairment in most areas. During Stage 3 they may lose the ability to speak and become unable to recognize family, friends, or even themselves. They lose all capacity to care for themselves and have difficulty walking, are incontinent, and are ultimately bedridden and often die of an opportunistic respiratory infection.

Front 2

Play in children

Back 2

Many theorists and researchers have identified developmental benefits of children's play. Piaget, for instance, believed that pretend play was a form of learning about the world, whereby children assimilate new rules and objects into their cognitive schema. In other words, one of the developmental functions of play is to help children learn about and master their environment.

Front 3

Structural Family Therapy- coalition

Back 3

a coalition occurs when there is an alliance (usually covert) between two family members against a third member. The term triangle could also apply to this situation because it has several definitions in the family therapy literature. Coalition is a better answer, though, because it specifically refers to the situation described in the question.

Front 4

Tourette's

Back 4

Tourette's Disorder is a Tic Disorder that involves multiple motor tics (involuntary jerky movements) and vocal tics (vocal sounds such as grunts, barks, and clicks). Coprolalia, or involuntary utterances of obscenities, occurs in 10% or less of cases -- not the majority, which is why C is correct (remember, the question is asking for the statement that isn't true). For a diagnosis to be made, onset of the disorder must be before age 18. The disorder is between 1.5 and 3 times more common in males than in females.

Front 5

Holland's types (RIASC)

Back 5

Holland's theory categorizes individuals based on their resemblance to six personality types: realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional (you can remember the sequence as "RIASEC"). The personality types reflect a person's primary interest, or an environment's primary characteristic; for example, the social type enjoys working with others and avoids ordered, systematic activities that involve tools or machinery. There is overlap between the types, though some types overlap more than others. For example, the social type is relatively more similar to the artistic and enterprising types, and less similar to the realistic, investigative, and conventional types.

Front 6

Sleep waves

Back 6

Stage 1 of the sleep cycle is characterized by alpha waves which then give way to the slower theta waves. Stage 2 consists primarily of theta waves and intermittent sleep spindles and K-complexes. The 5th stage is REM sleep, which is also known as paradoxical sleep since the EEG pattern is characteristic of alertness (beta waves) but the sleeper's responsiveness to the environment is low.

Front 7

consultants

Back 7

This may be a difficult question for a number of reasons. First, it requires knowledge of two content areas: the function of a consultant, and the bases of social power, as defined by French and Raven. A consultant is an expert or specialist who is hired on an ad-hoc basis to solve a specific, work-related problem. French and Raven described five bases of social power -- legitimate, expert, referent, coercive, and reward.
This brings us to the second reason why this question may be somewhat difficult. Consultants clearly rely on expert power, since they are hired as a specialists whose advice is followed because they are considered to be authorities on the matter at hand. It is not so clear that they have referent power, though it is possible, since consultants may serve as respected role models for their clients. However, since choice C is the only one which includes expert power, it must be right. It is also helpful to go through the other bases of social power and rule them out as applying to a consultant. Consultants do not have legitimate power because they do not have administrative authority; that is, the client is free to reject any of the consultant's suggestions. Moreover, the consultant holds neither coercive nor reward power, since the consultant's role is not to punish or reward the client.

Front 8

informed consent and legal assent

Back 8

In the context of research, the term “informed consent” implies agreement to participate from a person who has been informed of all relevant information and is competent enough to understand that information. With few exceptions (e.g., where deception is necessary and permissible), the Ethical Principles require researchers to obtain informed consent from all participants who are capable of giving it. If the potential participant is not competent to give informed consent, the Ethics require that informed consent be obtained from his or her legal guardian. In addition, when the potential participant is not competent to give informed consent, the research must be explained to the potential participant in language that he or she can understand, and his or her consent must be obtained.

Front 9

Ethical standards and research

Back 9

Ethical Standard 5.01 states, "Psychologists do not knowingly make public statements that are false, deceptive, or fraudulent, concerning their research, practice, or other work activities or those of persons or organizations with which they are affiliated." Although in this case the psychologist is asked not to publish data, this would still be deceptive. It also is inconsistent with General Principle A of the Ethics Code which states that, "psychologists seek to safeguard the welfare and rights of those with whom they interact professionally and other affected persons.... Because psychologists' scientific and professional judgments and actions may affect the lives of others, they are alert to and guard against personal, financial, social, organizational, or political factors that might lead to misuse of their influence."

Front 10

Noncustodial fathers and how this impacts the kids

Back 10

The effects of visitation on children's adjustment following divorce are dependent upon several factors, including the quality of the relationship between the divorced parents and certain attributes and behaviors of the noncustodial parent. Specifically, frequent visitation with the noncustodial father has been found to result in fewer behavioral problems and higher academic achievement, especially in boys, when the father was supportive, authoritative, and lacked any significant problems in adjustment, and when the child was not exposed to high levels of conflict between the parents [See: E. M. Hetherington, An overview of the Virginia Longitudinal Study of Divorce and Remarriage with a focus on early adolescence, Journal of Family Psychology,7(1), 1993, 39-56].

Front 11

Validity and job tests

Back 11

While group differences exist between African-Americans and Caucasians on test performance (that is, while mean scores differ on these various standardized tests), it has not been shown conclusively that the predictive validity coefficients of the tests are differentially moderated by ethnic group membership. In other words, a test is likely to have the same validity coefficient for all subgroups of the same population -- even though those subgroups may score differently, on the average, from each other.

Front 12

Self-disclosure reciprocity

Back 12

This question is actually about social psychology as much as it is about group therapy. Research in social psychology has illustrated that we are more likely to talk openly about ourselves after someone else opens up about him or herself. This phenomenon has been termed "self-disclosure reciprocity."

Front 13

multitrait-multimethod matrix

Back 13

Use of a multitrait-multimethod matrix is one method of assessing a test's construct validity. The matrix contains correlations among different tests that measure both the same and different traits using similar and different methodologies. The heterotrait-monomethod coefficient, one of the correlation coefficients that would appear on this matrix, reflects the correlation between two tests that measure different traits using similar methods. An example might be the correlation between a test of depression based on self-report data and a test of anxiety also based on self-report data. If a test has good divergent validity, this correlation would be low. Divergent validity is the degree to which a test has a low correlation with other tests that do not measure the same construct. Using the above example, a test of depression would have good divergent validity if it had a low correlation with other tests that purportedly measure different traits, such as anxiety. This would be evidence that the depression test is not measuring traits that are unrelated to depression.

Front 14

Multicollinearity

Back 14

Multicollinearity occurs in multiple regression equations when predictors are highly correlated. Though ideally, predictors should be correlated with the criterion, it is best if they are not correlated with each other; otherwise, there is no point in combining the predictors since they provide redundant information. Eventually, multicollinearity becomes an issue every time multiple regression is used (usually after 2-3 predictors) since it is impossible to keep finding variables that have high correlations with a criterion but low correlations with each other.

Front 15

retroactive vs proactive

Back 15

Knowing the difference between retroactive and proactive interference would have helped you narrow the choices down to responses A and B. (In retroactive interference subsequent learning interferes with previous learning). In studies on retroactive interference, experimental subjects learn material similar to the original list, while control subjects engage in a dissimilar activity (e.g., counting backwards) that keeps them from rehearsing the list.

Front 16

Goal Setting Theory

Back 16

Goal-setting theory proposes that, when people accept goals, they intend to achieve them and, therefore, are willing to put forth the effort to do so

Front 17

"p" item difficulty index
is what?

Back 17

An item difficulty index indicates the percentage of individuals who answer a particular item correctly. For example, if an item has a difficulty index of .80, it means that 80% of test-takers answered the item correctly. Although it appears that the item difficulty index is a ratio scale of measurement, according to Anastasi (1982) it is actually an ordinal scale because it does not necessarily indicate equivalent differences in difficulty.

Front 18

Maslows theory and jobs.

Back 18

Maslow's theory, as it applies to workplace settings, has not been supported by research. For instance, the notion that lower level needs, such as pay and job security, cease to be important once they are satisfied has not been shown to be true.

Front 19

Goal-setting theory

Back 19

they accept the goals, even if the goals were assigned by their supervisor

Front 20

Equity Theory

Back 20

Equity theory holds that, in any work situation we assess both our input (how much effort we are contributing to a work situation) and our output (how much we get out of it). We then compare our input/output ratio to what we perceive are the ratios of our co-workers. A state of balance exists when we perceive that our input/output ratios are equal to those of our co-workers. If our input/output ratio is not equal to the ratios of others, a state of inequity exists and we will be motivated to create equity. Choice A does not address the comparison to others. Choice C is related to Goal-setting theory. Adverse impact (D) is an important concept, but is not related to equity theory.

Front 21

the health belief model

Back 21

The Health Belief Model (HBM), which was developed initially to understand why people seemed unwilling to use preventative measures and screening tests available, is based on psychological and behavioral theory. The four dimensions the model considers in the influence of health-related decision making and behavior are: perceived susceptibility; perceived severity; perceived benefits; and perceived barriers. The dimension identified as the most influential variable for predicting and explaining health-related decision-making and actions is perceived barriers. The effectiveness of the action (screening, preventative care) and the perceptions of inconvenience, expense, unpleasantness, dangerousness, etc., are examples of perceived barriers.

Front 22

Eidetic imagery

Back 22

Eidetic imagery, or photographic memory, is associated with improved ability to memorize information and tends to be more common in children. Another strategy for improving recall using visual images, is the method of loci (b.), which involves associating items to be remembered with mental images of places or specific items. This is useful for recalling information in a specific order. Flashbulb memory (a.) describes vivid, detailed memories of emotionally-charged or surprising events. Sustained attention (d.) is the ability to direct and focus cognitive activity on specific stimuli over an extended period.

Front 23

itme analysis

Back 23

The procedure used to determine what items will be retained for the final version of a test is the definition of item analysis. The degree to which items discriminate among examinees is the definition of Item Discrimination. A graph that depicts percentages of people is an item characteristic curve.

Front 24

Rogler and latinos

Back 24

did not suggest obtaining cutural sensitivity training. He suggested to do the following: incorporating elements of Latino culture into therapy.

increasing the accessibility of mental health services for Latino clients.

selecting standard treatments that best fit Latino culture.

Front 25

ADHD

Back 25

A diagnosis of ADHD requires the presence of characteristic symptoms in at least two settings. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the child's behavior in other settings, such as school. However, the clinician needs to be aware that the disorder's nature and severity can differ across different situations. For instance, according to the DSM-IV, symptoms typically worsen in situations that require sustained attention or mental effort, and they may be minimal or absent when the child is frequently rewarded, is under very strict control, or is in a novel setting.

Front 26

Piaget's autonomous stage of morality

Back 26

Piaget distinguished two stages of moral development: heteronomous and autonomous. Heteronomous morality is characteristic of children 4-7 years old. The heteronomous child views rules as absolute (Choice "A") and unchangeable and believes that punishment should fit the consequences of the behavior (regardless of the intentions of the actor) (Choice "D"). By age 7 or 8 children begin to exhibit autonomous morality, in which they realize that rules are determined, and agreed to, by individuals and are, therefore, alterable. They also consider the intention of the actor to be most important in determining punishment.

Front 27

Management development

Back 27

Management development is a growing field in organizational psychology. A number of techniques are used to train (develop) managers including job rotation, coaching, mentoring, and even Outward Bound, which fosters trust and cooperation. Vestibule training involves the use of procedures or an environment similar to the actual job and is used for such jobs as bank tellers, clerks, and typists.

Front 28

Kohler's apes

Back 28

Wolfgang Kohler is best known for his research with chimpanzees, which is a type of ape. (Apes are considered more like humans than monkeys or lower primates.) In his classic experiments Kohler placed food outside the reach of the chimps to assess their problem solving abilities. In one study, food was placed outside the chimp's cage, and the chimp was given two sticks, neither of which was long enough by itself to reach the food. As the chimp was sitting with the two sticks in his hand, he suddenly seemed to have an "a-ha!" experience: He quickly fit the two sticks together and used the new, elongated stick to reach the food. Kohler called this sudden novel solution "insight learning," which he attributed to a sudden cognitive restructuring of the environment. If you chose ducklings (A) you were probably thinking of Conrad Lorenz' research on instinctual behaviors.

Front 29

Sensory Memory Techniques

Back 29

Sensory memory holds information from the senses for a very brief period of time--generally less than two seconds. It is not held any longer than this, even with rehearsal techniques (answer C). While some researchers hypothesize that information is retained in long-term memory indefinitely but may be difficult to acccess, this is not a characteristic of sensory memory

Front 30

Pooled variance

Back 30

Pooled variance is the weighted average variance for each group. They are "weighted" based on the number of subjects in each group. Use of a pooled variance assumes that the population variances are approximately the same, even though the sample variances differ.

Front 31

C. J.P. Guilford

Back 31

C. J.P. Guilford identified 120 elements using factor analysis that he proposed in sum comprise intelligence. Convergent thinking is the ability to group or analyze divergent ideas usually leading to a unifying concept or single solution. Divergent thinking is the ability to generate creative, new ideas or to elaborate or branch off from traditional approaches, such as in brainstorming or “thinking out of the box.” Galton (a.) postulated that intelligence is an inherited trait distributed normally across the population. Thurstone (b.) applied his method of factor analysis to intelligence leading to his proposed theory of Primary Mental Abilities (that individuals possess varying degrees of sub-components of intelligence). Cattell’s (d.) theory distinguished between fluid and crystallized intelligence.

Front 32

Seyle's general adaptation syndrome

Back 32

This paradigm was an early attempt to explain how we react to stress. It postulates that after we become aware of the stressful situation (alarm), we summon our resources and meet the challenge (resist). After the trauma is over, we collapse (exhaustion).

Front 33

Stages of Alzheimer's

Back 33

Alzheimer's Disease is often categorized into 3 stages. In Stage 1, which lasts 2-4 years, short-term memory loss begins. Patients in this stage frequently complain about forgetting where they placed things. In Stage 2, which lasts 2-10 years, there is further memory impairment (mostly explicit rather than implicit), resulting in retrograde and anterograde amnesia. During this intermediate stage, patients often exhibit restlessness, flat or labile mood, fluent aphasia, and begin having difficulty performing complex tasks, such as balancing a checkbook or going grocery shopping. They may get lost in familiar places and become apathetic. In the final stage -- Stage 3 -- which lasts 1-3 years, there is serious impairment in most areas. During Stage 3, they may lose the ability to speak and become unable to recognize family, friends, or even themselves. They lose all capacity to care for themselves and have difficulty walking, are incontinent, and are ultimately bedridden and often die of an opportunistic respiratory infection.

Front 34

Donald Super

Back 34

Donald Super developed a comprehensive theory of vocational development. According to the theory, individuals choose occupations that are consistent with their self-concept, which develops in a predictable sequence of stages. Job satisfaction and life satisfaction are both a function of the degree to which one's activities are consistent with the self-concept.

Front 35

Mescaline and hallucinations

Back 35

All of the drugs listed in this question can cause hallucinations during intoxication. However, hallucinations, especially after discontinued use ("flashbacks") are most likely the result of a true hallucinogen. Of the drugs listed, only mescaline is clearly classified as a hallucinogen. PCP (phencyclidine) is sometimes classified as a hallucinogen; other times it's considered a stimulant or pain killer, and it is less likely to cause flashbacks. The DSM-IV-TR diagnosis "Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder" involves the reexperiencing of hallucinations following cessation of use of a hallucinogen. In contrast, "Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder" can be caused by intoxication or withdrawal from many different substances but the symptoms must occur within a month of intoxication or withdrawal and the person must not have insight that the hallucinations (or delusions) are substance induced.

Front 36

Raven's colored progressive matrices

Back 36

Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices is a non-verbal intelligence test for ages 5 through 11 and is considered appropriate for non-English speaking children. Roberts' Apperception Test for Children (RATC) is a projective test which requires verbal responses and was not designed as a measure of intelligence. The Stroop Color-Word Test is a screening devise for neurological damage and relies on verbal identification of the words "red", "blue", and "green" which are printed in different colored inks. Finally, the Vineland is used to assess one's ability to care for oneself.

Front 37

therapist experience and outcomes on therapy

Back 37

Most research studies report a moderate relationship between a therapist's experience and the outcomes of therapy for the client overall, but a somewhat stronger relationship when the client's symptoms are severe. This makes sense: Experience would seem to be more important for very troubled clients. See A. Roth and P. Fanagy, What Works for Whom? A Critical Review of the Psychotherapy Research, New York, Guilford Press, 1996. Note that in the Clincal Psychology section, we report that there is little relationship between therapist experience and outcome. This finding is based on older research, and you should use the newer information included in this explanation.

Front 38

Long term potentiation

Back 38

Long-term potentiation refers to certain changes in the neuron following high-frequency stimulation. It has been linked to the formation of long-term memories. Not surprisingly, long-term potentiation was first found in the hippocampus, which has been identified as a brain structure involved in the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory.

Front 39

Herzberg

Back 39

As long as you remembered that Herzberg views satisfaction and dissatisfaction as separate phenomena, you should have been able to pick the right answer to this question. According to Herzberg, the factors that cause dissatisfaction (hygiene factors) are different from those that contribute to satisfaction (motivator factors), which means that a person can be satisfied and dissatisfied at the same time.

Front 40

Damage to the hippocampus causes

Back 40

The hippocampus appears to be responsible for memory consolidation or the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory. Bilateral destruction of the hippocampus, amygdala and medial temporal lobes produces a severe permanent anterograde amnesia.

Front 41

The Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90)

Back 41

The Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) is a self-report inventory assessing general psychiatric symptoms of anxiety, depression, somatization, obsessive-compulsiveness, and hostility. Clients respond to the stimulus term, such as "feel nervous inside" on a 5-point Likert type scale from "not at all" which gives a score of 0, to "extremely" which gives a score of 4.

Front 42

Engineering Psychologists

Back 42

Engineering psychology is concerned with fitting aspects of the job to the worker. The focus is on the total environmental system, including procedures, work environments, and the design and functioning of equipment. Thus, in this situation, an engineering psychologist would most likely focus on the safety of the work environment.

Front 43

Factorial ANOVA

Back 43

A factorial ANOVA is used when a study has more than one independent variable. Factorial designs also allow for the assessment of both main effects (the effects of each independent variable considered individually) and interaction effects (the effects of each variable at the different levels of the other variable). The study described in this question has two "significant main effects" for the independent variables: type of reading program and past level of reading comprehension. And a "significant interaction effect" means that the effects of the different reading programs varied significantly for students at different reading levels. For example, "Reading Program A" may have been highly effective for above average students, moderately effective for average students, yet ineffective for below average students. On the other hand, "Reading Program B" may have been only effective for below average students, while "Reading Program C" may not have been effective for any students.

Front 44

Convergent validity

Back 44

The response choices make up a multitrait-multimethod matrix, a complicated method for assessing convergent and discriminant validity. Convergent validity requires that different ways of measuring the same trait yield the same result. Monotrait-heteromethod coefficients are correlations between two measures that assess the same trait using different methods; therefore if a test has convergent validity, this correlation should be high. Heterotrait-monomethod and heterotrait-heteromethod both confirm discriminatory validity, and monotrait-monomethod coefficients are reliability coefficients.

Front 45

Telling style

Back 45

The "telling style" according to Hersey and Blanchard's (1974) description, is more effective when an employee's ability and willingness to accept responsibility are low. This leadership style involves high task orientation and low relationship orientation. With A, the leader should adopt the "selling" style–high task orientation and high relationship orientation. With B, the leader should adopt a "participatory" style–low task orientation and high relationship orientation. With C the leader can use a "delegating style"; both low task and low relationship orientation.

Front 46

A delusion of reference

Back 46

A delusion of reference is one in which the person believes that objects or events in the immediate environment have an unusual and particular significance to him or her. In a persecutory delusion, the person feels that he or she is being mistreated in some way or conspired against; this is not the case here. Systematized delusions are organized around a coherent theme; there is no evidence that this is the case. Hearing the same song over and over again can drive one crazy, but probably not to the extent described in the question.

Front 47

Ethical questions

Back 47

In answering ethics questions, it is a good idea to bring to mind the language of the applicable ethical standard and choose the answer that is most consistent with that standard. According to Standard 10.04 (Providing Therapy to Those Served by Others), psychologists should consider treatment issues and the client's welfare, and discuss these issues with the client, “in order to minimize the risk of confusion and conflict,” and should “proceed with caution and sensitivity to the therapeutic issues.” Of the choices listed, only C states that you would discuss the issue with the client, and is therefore the best answer.

Front 48

Dopamine and Parkinson's disease

Back 48

A lack of norepinephrine at brain synapses is associated with depression, while excessive dopamine and norepinephrine are both associated with schizophrenia. Dopamine also plays a role in movement, and degeneration of neurons that secrete dopamine causes the muscular rigidity found in Parkinson's disease.

Front 49

ADHD is implicated to hit which lobe?

Back 49

There is good reason to suspect that delayed or disturbed functioning in the frontal lobes may be involved with ADHD. Psychophysiological research in earlier decades has suggested underactivity in the frontal lobes of ADHD patients (Hastings and Barkley, 1978). More recently, numerous neuropsychological studies have shown deficits in performance by ADHD children on tests that were presumed to assess frontal lobe or executive functions, supporting frontal lobe involvement (Barley, 1997b; 1992).

Front 50

Who has the highest suicide rate?

Back 50

While the highest rates of suicide attempts occur between the ages of 24-44, the highest rates of completed suicides are among the elderly (65 and over). The greatest increase in suicide rates in recent years has been among teenager and young adults.

Front 51

White Racial Identity Development Model - by Helms

Back 51

Janet Helms developed the White Racial Identity Development Model, which consists of six stages. "Contact"(A), the first stage, is characterized by ignorance and disregard of any racial differences. The next stage is "disintegration" which involves awareness of racial inequalities which results in moral confusion and conflict. This is followed by "reintegration" (C), in which Whites are viewed as superior to minorities. "Pseudo-Independence" is marked by dissatisfaction with reintegration. "Immersion-Emersion" follows, during which, people embrace their whiteness without rejecting minorities. "Autonomy", the last stage, is reached when a person internalizes a nonracist White identity, whereby similarities and differences are acknowledged but are not perceived as threatening. Note that "Integration" (B) is not one of the stages in Helms' model; rather, it refers to Berry's Acculturation Model, in which a minority has a high retention for the minority culture and high maintenance of the mainstream culture.

Front 52

GAD and gender differences

Back 52

The results of a meta-analysis on gender differences concluded that females (across all age groups) have a higher level of general anxiety than males. Males scored very slightly higher than females in level of social anxiety, although this difference was not significant (A. Feingold, Gender Differences in Personality: A Meta-Analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 1994, 116(3), 429-456).

Front 53

Dopamine and Parkinson's disease

Back 53

A lack of norepinephrine at brain synapses is associated with depression, while excessive dopamine and norepinephrine are both associated with schizophrenia. Dopamine also plays a role in movement, and degeneration of neurons that secrete dopamine causes the muscular rigidity found in Parkinson's disease.

Front 54

ADHD is implicated to hit which lobe?

Back 54

There is good reason to suspect that delayed or disturbed functioning in the frontal lobes may be involved with ADHD. Psychophysiological research in earlier decades has suggested underactivity in the frontal lobes of ADHD patients (Hastings and Barkley, 1978). More recently, numerous neuropsychological studies have shown deficits in performance by ADHD children on tests that were presumed to assess frontal lobe or executive functions, supporting frontal lobe involvement (Barley, 1997b; 1992).

Front 55

Who has the highest suicide rate?

Back 55

While the highest rates of suicide attempts occur between the ages of 24-44, the highest rates of completed suicides are among the elderly (65 and over). The greatest increase in suicide rates in recent years has been among teenager and young adults.

Front 56

White Racial Identity Development Model - by Helms

Back 56

Janet Helms developed the White Racial Identity Development Model, which consists of six stages. "Contact"(A), the first stage, is characterized by ignorance and disregard of any racial differences. The next stage is "disintegration" which involves awareness of racial inequalities which results in moral confusion and conflict. This is followed by "reintegration" (C), in which Whites are viewed as superior to minorities. "Pseudo-Independence" is marked by dissatisfaction with reintegration. "Immersion-Emersion" follows, during which, people embrace their whiteness without rejecting minorities. "Autonomy", the last stage, is reached when a person internalizes a nonracist White identity, whereby similarities and differences are acknowledged but are not perceived as threatening. Note that "Integration" (B) is not one of the stages in Helms' model; rather, it refers to Berry's Acculturation Model, in which a minority has a high retention for the minority culture and high maintenance of the mainstream culture.

Front 57

GAD and gender differences

Back 57

The results of a meta-analysis on gender differences concluded that females (across all age groups) have a higher level of general anxiety than males. Males scored very slightly higher than females in level of social anxiety, although this difference was not significant (A. Feingold, Gender Differences in Personality: A Meta-Analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 1994, 116(3), 429-456).

Front 58

Ainsworth attachment styles

Back 58

Your friend's child is exhibiting an insecure/avoidant attachment as described by Ainsworth. Ainsworth found that babies with this type of pattern often had mothers who were either very impatient and nonresponsive, or alternatively overstimulating. Neglect (answer A) is most associated with a disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern.

Front 59

Mulitple relationships and testifying

Back 59

APA's Guidelines for Child Custody Evaluations in Divorce Proceedings state that psychologists must avoid multiple relationships. Since you already have a therapeutic relationship with the child you should avoid assuming an evaluative role in the custody case.

Front 60

Vygotsky's and language development

Back 60

For Vygotsky, language is originally and primarily social. Thus a child's language and cognitive processes are greatly influenced by his social relationships and culture. From these experiences the child formulates his language. This is in contrast to Piaget (answer B and C) who believed that universal internal cognitive structures or schema developed first within the child, and then were influenced by his surroundings. Answer D "scaffolding" is Vygotsky's term for the assistance adults give to children to help them learn about the world.

Front 61

Bandura's functional value

Back 61

Functional value is pretty much what it sounds like. According to Bandura, a behavior has functional value when the person anticipates that performing it will result in desirable consequences (i.e., when the behavior serves a function).

Front 62

Cognitive therapy and depression

Back 62

Though some individual studies have found cognitive therapy to be the most effective treatment for depression, the results of meta-analyses (such as the one conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health) indicate that cognitive therapy, interpersonal therapy, and anti-depressant medications are about equal in efficacy in the treatment of depression. All three treatments are superior to psychodynamic, or insight-oriented, therapies.

Front 63

Cut-off scores

Back 63

A simple way to answer this question is with reference to a chart such as the one displayed under the topic "Criterion-Related Validity" in the Test Construction section of your materials. If you look at this chart, you can see that increasing the predictor cutoff score (i.e., moving the vertical line to the right) decreases the number of false positives as well as true positives (you can also see that the number of both true and false negatives would be increased).
You can also think about this question more abstractly by coming up with an example. Imagine, for instance, that a general knowledge test is used as a predictor of job success. If the cutoff score on this test is raised, fewer people will score above this cutoff and, therefore, fewer people will be predicted to be successful. Another way of saying this is that fewer people will come up "positive" on this predictor. This applies to both true positives and false positives.

Front 64

Thinning refers to?

Back 64

Continuous schedules, or reinforcing every response, are associated with quick learning, satiation and extinction. The process of thinning, or switching from a continuous to an intermittent schedule, is used to increase the resistance to extinction once a behavior is established

Front 65

Employee Assistant Programs (EAP) and confidentiality

Back 65

When a mental health professional works as part of an EAP, the potential for confidentiality dilemmas is present. Employers, after all, often feel they have the right to know if employees are benefitting from EAPs, but mental health professionals must understand the importance of confidentiality — including, in most circumstances, the confidentiality of whether a person is or is not a client or patient. In the context of EAPs, however, it is considered acceptable to give the relevant information to relevant people; specifically, it's OK to tell the supervisor (or the referring person in the organization) if the employee keeps a scheduled appointment, if treatment is needed, and if the employee has agreed to and accepted treatment. All other information should be kept confidential (barring, of course, the employee's consent to release it).

Front 66

Passive coping vs. Active coping

Back 66

Several studies have found that passive coping strategies (e.g., depending on others, restricting social activities, use of medication for immediate pain relief) result in an increase in subjective pain among chronic pain patients. Conversely, helping patients reduce the frequency of passive coping strategies is believed to result in decreased pain. Active coping strategies (e.g., staying busy or active, distracting attention from the pain), as well as biofeedback and cognitive-behavioral therapy, have most often been found to decrease pain [A. C. Mercado, L. J. Carroll, J. D. Cassidy, & P. Cote, Coping with neck and low back pain in the general population, Health Psychology, 2000, 19(4), 333-338].

Front 67

Feminist therapy

Back 67

The feminist approach to psychotherapy rests on the assumption that social roles and socialization are important determinants of behavior. Psychological conflicts are then alternative roles and options. A primary goal is empowerment or helping women become more self-defining and self-determining.

Front 68

Patterson and associates and aggressive boys

Back 68

Patterson, Chamberlin and Reid 1982 "A Comparative evaluation of a parent-training program" Behavior Therapy, 13(5) 638-650 proposed a coercive family interaction model. It hypothesized that children first learn aggressive behaviors from their parents. These parents also use harsh discipline and reward their children's aggressiveness with attention and approval. As a result, the aggressiveness of the parent-child interaction continues to escalate.

Front 69

Tyramine and MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitor

Back 69

Eating foods containing tyramine while taking MAOIs is likely to cause a hypertensive crisis, that is, a severe rise in blood pressure. The person may also experience headache, diaphoresis (perspiration), and palpitations. On rare occasions the combination has caused cardiac failure and cerebral hemorrhage. Some of the foods that must be avoided while taking MAOIs include: beer and wine, aged cheese, beef or chicken liver, orange pulp, pickled or smoked meats, packaged soups, and yeast vitamin supplements

Front 70

TImothy Crow and type I and II schizophrenia

Back 70

Timothy Crow distinguishes between two types (I and II) of Schizophrenia. Type I includes symptoms of delusions or hallucinations, inappropriate affect, and disorganized thinking. It is also thought to more likely be due to neurotransmitter irregularities.
Type II symptoms are described by the other three choices, and is also considered to be more likely due to brain structure abnormalitiesA majority of symptoms will begin in adolescence.


It will not respond to most antipsychotic medications.
There will be a poor prognosis.

(T.J. Crow, The two syndrome concept: Origins and current status, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1992, 11, 471-486).

Front 71

anticholinergic effects

Back 71

Compared to the SSRIs, the tricyclics are much more likely to cause anticholinergic effects. Confusion is one of several possible anticholinergic effects. Other anticholinergic effects include dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention and tachycardia. The only anticholinergic listed in this question is amitriptyline. The other three choices are SSRIs: fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), and paroxetine (Paxil).

Front 72

Alzheimers's (apathy and emotional blunting is charc of third stage

Back 72

These symptoms are characteristic of the third stage of Alzheimer's Dementia according to many authors. The symptoms vary considerably from person to person and may include personality, behavioral, and cognitive changes. The symptoms of depression and anomia (answer B) and irritability and anger (answer C) are often seen during the first stage. Paranoia and labile mood (answer D) are characteristic of the second.

Front 73

The Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST)

Back 73

The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is used primarily to assess perseveration and abstract reasoning. However, it has also been found to be a useful measure of executive (frontal lobe) functioning and in discriminating between frontal and non-frontal lesions. Subjects must sort 64 cards using different strategies, for example, by color, form (triangle, star, star, and circle) or number of items on the cards.

Front 74

Psychotherapy outcome research

Back 74

The right answer to this question really depends on which research study is being asked about since the reported rates of improvement vary from study to study. However, 75% is the number referred to most often in the literature and is the best answer to this question.

Front 75

Random assingment

Back 75

Known as the “great equalizer,” randomization of subjects to groups is the most powerful way for controlling extraneous variables. Unlike random assignment which occurs after subjects are selected, random selection refers to a method of selecting subjects to participate from the population being studied. Random selection influences external validity. Matching, a procedure to ensure equivalency on a specific extraneous variable, and blocking, studying the effects of the extraneous variable, are also methods of increasing internal validity.

Front 76

Children's ethnic perspective-taking ability (EPTA)

Back 76

Children's ethnic perspective-taking ability (EPTA) has been evaluated and described in several stages. In the first stage, which develops between 3 and 4 years, children can begin to describe ethnicity in terms of physical traits (e.g. skin color, clothes, physical features); however, it is not until the next stage, which occurs between 5 and 9 years, can they accurately apply ethnic labels to themselves and others. In the following stage, from 7-12 years, children express a social perspective of ethnicity, including prejudice. And between 10 and 15 years they begin to immerse themselves into their ethnic group. [S.M. Quintana, V.C. Ybarra, P. Gonzalez-Doupe, & Y. DeBaessa, Cross-Cultural Evaluation of Ethnic Perspective-Taking Ability: An Exploratory Investigation With U.S. Latino and Guatemalan Ladino Children. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 2000, 6 (4), 334-351].

Front 77

Sampling Error

Back 77

Sampling error is the extent to which a sample value deviates from the corresponding population value which it is supposed to represent. Thus, the smaller the sample size, the greater the risk of sampling error. You should have been able to eliminate reliability ("B") and validity ("C"), since those are characteristics of a test – which is not applied until after the sampling procedure. Sampling error, as it's name implies, takes place during the sampling or selection of subjects. A confounding variable ("D"), is a variable that is not of interest in a study but which exerts a systematic effect on the DV. Thus it would threaten the internal validity of a test but it is not related to sampling error.

Front 78

CBT or meds for treating depression?

Back 78

The findings of the NIMH research project were that, on an overall level, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and antidepressant medication are about equally effective in the treatment of depression. There was some evidence that the treatments differed in the types of depression for which they are most effective. Specifically, some evidence suggested that CBT is more effective for milder forms of depression, while medication is more effective for relatively severe forms. But in terms of overall effectiveness, both treatments were found to be about equal.

Front 79

Catecholamine Hypothesis for depression

Back 79

Research with drugs led to the formulation of the “catecholamine hypothesis” about the cause of mood disorders. First presented in 1965, Schildkraut et al.’s theory of depression emphasized the association of depression with a decrease in the levels of brain catecholamines dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE), especially norepinephrine. This hypothesis in its simplest form, stated that depression was due to a deficiency of norepinephrine, one of the major catecholamine systems in the brain. This early hypothesis is based on evidence from three groups of drugs: reserpine, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and tricyclics. Reserpine depletes the brain of dopamine and norepinephrine and is used primarily to treat hypertension. It is also used for severe agitation. MAO inhibiters and tricyclics, although they work in somewhat different ways, are used to treat depression and tend to increase the amount of norepinephrine available in the central nervous system. A variety of approaches, especially in the United States, tested this hypothesis and the results are inconclusive. Nonetheless, this theory served as the “standard” theory for depression in the United States until the 1980s. (See: McNeal, E. T., and Cimbolic, P. (1986). Antidepressants and Biochemical Theories of Depression. Psychological Bulletin, 99(3), 361-374.)

Front 80

Retroactive vs. proactive

Back 80

To answer this question, you need to understand what retroactive and proactive interference are. Retroactive interference occurs when your ability to recall X is difficult because of interference by something you learned after X. The longer the period of time between learning X and being tested on it, the greater the opportunity for retroactive interference. Proactive interference occurs when the ability to recall X is impaired by previously learned material. Proactive interference can occur regardless of how long the interval is between learning X and recalling it. Finally, retroactive and proactive interference are most likely to be a problem for information that is not inherently meaningful, which would be the case for a set of unrelated words.

Front 81

Tertiary prevention

Back 81

Tertiary prevention takes place after an illness or problem has been treated and is designed to prevent recurrence of the problem. Secondary prevention refers to early detection and treatment of problems before they develop into full-blown illnesses with long-term consequences and is exemplified by responses “B” and “C.” Response “D” describes an example of primary prevention, which aims to prevent problems before they occur in the first place.

Front 82

caudate nucleus

Back 82

The size of the caudate nucleus (especially in the right hemisphere) has been linked to impulsivity in children with ADHD – the smaller the caudate, the greater the impulsivity. (Abnormalities in the corpus callosum are also found at higher-than-normal rates in children with ADHD, but they have not been consistently linked to impulsivity.)

Front 83

social role theorists

Back 83

Social-Role theorists assert that individuals in positions of lower power and status are better at reading/perceiving members of higher status groups than are those from higher status groups at reading people from lower status groups. Thus, for example, women may be more adept at attending to men, than men are at attending to the feelings and experiences of women. Similarly white therapists may be less familiar with the culture and life experience of minority clients than are minority therapists with white clients

Front 84

Secondary impotence

Back 84

Secondary impotence is diagnosed when a man persistently or recurrently fails to attain or maintain an erection even though in the past he has successfully achieved an erection. The erectile reflex is usually unimpaired in older men; therefore, aging alone is not likely to be a cause of impotence. The other responses are common physical causes of secondary impotence

Front 85

Bipolar disorder and environmental impacts

Back 85

Bipolar Disorders have a strong genetic and biological component. Nonetheless, evidence suggests that environmental factors can trigger episodes. This is especially true in the early stages of the disorder; psychosocial stressors often trigger the initial mood episodes; they less frequently trigger subsequent episodes

Front 86

Curriculum based assessment

Back 86

Curriculum-based assessment provides information about a student in the context of the existing curriculum. The results of such an assessment not only indicate the student's performance level -- they also provide feedback about the instruction itself, so that necessary changes can be made to better fit the student's ability and current knowledge. In contrast to choice A, curriculum-based assessment is criterion-referenced, since it involves evaluating the student's performance in light of an external standard (the curriculum). Norm-referenced assessment would involve evaluating a student's performance by way of a comparison to other students. In contrast to choice B, the assessment is not designed to bring about changes in the curriculum itself -- rather, its purpose is to help identify progress in terms of the existing curriculum and any change in instruction (e.g., pace, sequencing of topics) that would aid the student's progress in completing the curriculum.

Front 87

Solomon-four group design

Back 87

The Solomon four-group design is a true experimental design used to evaluate the effects of pretesting, since some groups are pretested and others are not.

Front 88

The most predictive test in infants for later adult IQ is?

Back 88

While standard developmental scales don't predict later IQ score, a baby's responses to a visual attention task do. How much time it takes the baby to assimilate a novel stimulus is moderately predictive of later IQ score since, it is hypothesized, the mental functioning involved is similar.

Front 89

Ace and what other NT is linked to Alzheimre's dis?

Back 89

Acetylcholine and L-glutamate are two neurotransmitters that have been linked to Alzheimer's Disease.

Front 90

LPC leader

Back 90

Fiedler's Contingency Theory proposed that in terms of a leader's style and the favorableness of a situation, the latter was determined by the degree to which the leader could control and influence their subordinate. Fiedler described a leader's style by his or her scores on his Least Preferred Coworker Scale. A high LPC leader describes their least preferred coworker in positive terms and these leaders are primarily relationship oriented. Note that the question talks about how a leader "treats" their worker rather than how they "describe" the worker.. While these are not exactly the same concepts, the EPPP will take these type of liberties so this is an example of choosing an answer that is in the "ballpark".

Front 91

Becks first step with a severely depressed person

Back 91

All of the techniques listed (except free association) are characteristic of Beck's Cognitive Therapy. However, when a client has severe depression, the first goal in therapy is to increase his or her activity level. This is accomplished through the use of behavioral tasks. Once the client is active, cognitive procedures are used to identify and modify cognitive distortions.

Front 92

Consultee-case consultation is similar to what?

Back 92

In his discussion of consultee-centered case consultation, Gerald Caplan notes that, especially when the target of the consultation is the consultee's lack of skill, this form of consultation most resembles "technical supervision." See G. Caplan, Principles of Preventive Psychiatry, New York, Basic Books, Inc., 1964.

Front 93

Tardive Dyskenisia

Back 93

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) may be irreversible for about 50% of patients, but the remaining patients show some degree of improvement over time when the drug is withdrawn. Increasing the dose of an antipsychotic can temporarily suppress TD, but the symptoms usually return.

Front 94

Presbyopia- why do i need to knwo this?

Back 94

As we age the ability of our eyes to focus on objects declines due to a loss of elasticity in the lens of the eye. This condition, known as "presbyopia," typically increases the near point (the shortest distance at which we can focus) from four inches at 20 years of age to about four feet at 60 years of age. Although some people have different rates of decline, presbyopia eventually affects everyone.

Front 95

Type I and Type II errors

Back 95

Type II errors occur when the null hypothesis is not rejected when it is in fact false; Type I errors are often considered more serious as the null hypothesis is wrongly rejected. For example, in the clinical trial of a new drug, this would be concluding that the new drug was better when in fact it was not. Type I and II errors are inversely related: as the probability of a Type I error increases, the probability of a Type II error decreases, and vice versa

Front 96

Feature Integration Theory

Back 96

Feature integration theory is what it sounds like. It's a theory about how an object's features are integrated, and it proposes that focused visual attention is required for perception of an object to occur.

Front 97

Kochanska and the toddlers development of conscience

Back 97

Research by Kochanska (1997) has indicated that toddlers' level of fearfulness mediates the effects of parental discipline. Specifically, the use of "gentle discipline" was found more effective for the development of conscience among fearful toddlers than among fearless toddlers. Fearless toddlers, on the other hand, developed conscience better through the use of a secure mother-child attachment. It should be noted that these results were primarily found during the toddler years and were not significant or were less significant when reassessed during preschool years [Multiple pathways to conscience for children with different temperaments: From toddlerhood to age 5, Developmental Psychology, 33(2), 228-240].

Front 98

Caucasian males and suicide

Back 98

Caucasian males have a higher rate of completed suicide that the other groups listed by the choices. However, the rate of suicide in African-American males is rising the fastest.

Front 99

Symptoms of memory impairment, faulty judgment, and impaired concentration would most likely result from lesions to the

Back 99

Faulty judgment and problems in concentration could be either frontal lobe- or temporal lobe-related. However, since memory impairment is included in this question, the best answer is the temporal lobe. The subcortical nuclei implicated in memory lie under the temporal lobes. The parietal lobe is responsible for orientation in space. The occipital lobe is where vision is mediated.

Front 100

Events that would be considered the greatest risk factor for depression in children

Back 100

Children of one or more parents with depression are at a markedly higher risk for depression of their own, as well as for a variety of other disturbances, including Conduct Disorder, ADHD, Anxiety Disorders, Substance Abuse, poor social functioning, school problems, and (later in life) Bipolar Disorder.

Front 101

EMG biofeedback..

Back 101

. EMG biofeedback, which measures muscle tension, is used as a treatment for tension headaches and data indicates it is equally effective as relaxation therapy

Front 102

Credentialing

Back 102

The formal process for determining if a provider meets and maintains the standards of qualification, as well as providing some legal protection for the managed care organization, is referred to as credentialing. Clinical audit (response “A”) is a quality assurance method. Concurrent review (response “B”) describes the utilization review conducted during the course of treatment. Quality management (response “D”) is another name for quality assurance.

Front 103

Homoscedasticity

Back 103

Homoscedasticity refers to even scatter around the regression line. Homoscedasticity is actually a good thing. It wouldn't attenuate the correlation at all. The other three choices list factors that would attenuate the correlation coefficient.

Front 104

Dementia due to HIV disease

Back 104

Dementia due to HIV Disease includes cognitive, personality, and motor symptoms. Common symptoms include cognitive slowing, impaired attention, and forgetfulness; apathy and social withdrawal; and clumsiness and leg weakness.

Front 105

partial reinforcement effect."

Back 105

partial reinforcement effect."

Front 106

Hales, Yudofsky and Talbott, hyponsis and its three factors

Back 106

According to Hales, Yudofsky and Talbott, (1944), hypnosis involves three factors, 1) absorption, whereby the individual is completely engrossed in a central experience, 2) dissociation, whereby the ordinary functioning of consciousness and memory are altered in some way and 3) suggestibility, whereby individuals have a tendency to be less inhibited and restricted while in the trance-like state.

Front 107

negative punishment

Back 107

Negative punishment is used to decrease a behavior by taking away a stimulus.

Front 108

Transvetic Fetishism

Back 108

According to DSM-IV, is diagnosed when a heterosexual male has recurrent intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving cross dressing. (B) Exhibitionism, involves the exposing of one's genitals to an unsuspecting stranger (C) Transvestism is not a DSM-IV term (D) Gender identity disorder includes a strong and persistent cross-gender identification with evidence of clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning.

Front 109

Identical elements

Back 109

concept based on the work of learning theorists Thorndike and Woodworth in 1901. It refers to the notion that training is best transferred over to situations which are similar to, or which have "identical elements" with, the training environment. Research has confirmed that identical elements improves transfer of training for both verbal and motor tasks.

Front 110

PKU and heterozygous genes

Back 110

Knowing that PKU is caused by two autosomal (i.e., not sex-linked) recessive genes would have helped you answer this question correctly. Because it is caused by recessive genes, a child would need to receive the PKU gene from both parents in order to develop the disease. Since both parents are heterozygous they each carry one dominant gene and one recessive gene for PKU, but do not have the disease themselves. Thus, the probability that the father will contribute the PKU gene is 50% and the probability that the mother will contribute the gene is also 50%. Fifty percent times 50% is 25% (0.5 x 0.5 = 0.25). People born with PKU lack the enzyme needed to digest the amino acid phenylalanine, which undigested causes severe brain damage. Most to all of the PKU symptoms can be prevented by early detection and adherence to a diet low in phenylalanine during the first 9 years of life.

Front 111

Ohio State's style approach to leadership.

Back 111

Using a style approach, the Ohio State leadership studies identified two behavioral dimensions of leaders: initiating structure and consideration. These dimensions were treated as independent of each other in contrast to previous studies of leader behavior which placed related dimensions along a single continuum of leadership ranging from employee to production-centered (response “B”). In different models of leadership, the dimension of initiating structure is sometimes referred to as task-orientation and concern for production. The dimension of consideration has also been labeled employee orientation, relations-oriented and concern for people. (See: Stogdill, R. M., and Coons, A. E. (Eds.). (1957). Leader behavior: Its description and measurement. Columbus, OH: Bureau of Business Research, Ohio State University.)

Front 112

age-related memory decline

Back 112

Few, if any, experts believe that age-related declines in cognition and especially memory are solely related to artifacts of experience or testing. These declines have been observed again and again across different cultures and different tests. Certainly, experience and test error can account for some degree of observed decline, but the generally accepted conclusion is that these declines are real and reflect true neuropsychological changes. Choices B, C, and D are true statements about age-related decline in cognition and memory.

Front 113

when to use a t-test

Back 113

The t-test (which is also known as student's t-test) is the appropriate statistical test to use when comparing two means. A two-way ANOVA (A) would be used to compare means from a study with two independent variables; in this case, there is only one independent variable (diagnosis) with two levels (anorexic vs. non-anorexic). A chi-square (C) test is used when the data from a study is frequency of observations within categories, as opposed to (as in this case) mean scores of groups. Finally, the Kolmogorov, an infrequently used test, is used with ordinal data (e.g., ranks).

Front 114

Substance abuse dependence criteria

Back 114

Three (or more) of seven criteria are required for diagnosing Substance Dependence: Tolerance; Withdrawal; Substance use in larger amounts or over a longer period of time than was intended (B); Persistent desire to cut down or control substance use; Much time spent obtaining, using, or recovering from substance use; Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of substance use; Substance use is continued despite persistent or recurrent physical or psychological consequences caused by the substance use. None of the other choices in this question is a criterion of Substance Dependence; however, Choice D (recurrent substance-related legal problems) is one of the criteria for Substance Abuse.

Front 115

Alzheimers criteria

Back 115

According to the DSM-IV-TR, a diagnosis of Dementia of the Alzheimer's type, or any other type, requires evidence of impairment in memory, and at least one other cognitive impairment such as aphasia (language disturbance), apraxia (impaired ability to carry out motor activities), agnosia (failure to recognize objects), or disturbance in executive functioning. All the choices in this question are symptoms of dementia, however, problems with executive functions refers specifically to planning, organizing, and abstract thinking.

Front 116

Sleeper effect

Back 116

The term "sleeper effect" has been used by Wallerstein and others to describe the finding that some children (especially girls) who seemed well-adjusted immediately after the divorce of their parents show significant problems in adolescence and early adulthood. Note that not all research has found evidence of this sleeper effect.

Front 117

the cluster analysis

Back 117

The purpose of cluster analysis is to place objects into categories. More technically, the technique is designed to help one develop a taxonomy, or classification system of variables. The results of a cluster analysis indicate which variables cluster together into categories. The technique is sometimes used to divide a population of individuals into subtypes.

Front 118

intra-rater reliability not inter

Back 118

Note that this question is asking about intra-rater reliability, not inter-rater reliability. The prefix "intra" means the same thing it means in other contexts (e.g., intra-psychic): inside or internal. Thus, the question is asking you how to increase the internal consistency of a rating instrument. Of the choices listed, the only one which makes sense is to train the raters to pay more attention to what they are doing. If they pay closer attention, they are less likely to score the test inconsistently. Incidentally, mutually exclusive and exhaustive rating categories (choice C) are useful for increasing the inter-rater reliability of a test.

Front 119

reliability

Back 119

The rating scale described by the question has good inter-rater reliability, or consistency across raters. However, it may or may not have good validity; that is, it may or may not measure what it purports to measure. The question illustrates that high reliability is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for high validity.

Front 120

mulitple baseline

Back 120

A multiple baseline design is a single-subject design in which an independent variable is sequentially administered across two or more subjects, behaviors, or settings (i.e., across "baselines"). The multiple baseline design has the advantage of not having to withdraw the treatment once it has been applied to a baseline. Reversal designs, on the other hand, such as the ABA or ABAB designs have a second baseline (the second "A"), during which the treatment is withdrawn. The latin square design is not a single-subject design. Rather, it uses many subjects who are all administered all levels of an independent variable, but the order of administration varies between subjects or subgroups of subjects.

Front 121

the specifier early full remission

Back 121

Early full remission, early partial remission, sustained full remission, or sustained partial remission are specifiers used to describe a substance dependence diagnosis. “Early” means that there is more than one month but less than 12 months of remission. “Sustained” means that there is 12 months or longer of remission (response “D”). “Full” means that the person no longer meets any of the criteria for substance dependence or abuse, and “partial” means that one or more of the criteria for substance dependence are still met but the full criteria are no longer met.